Eye laser surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eye laser surgery - Essay ExampleDespite the surgery being carried on peoples eyes successfully and improving their natural eyesight, it does not result to lack of engage of glaze (Justesen 80). People will still be required to wear glasses to guarantee they do not expose their eyes to any other kind of danger.Eye laser surgery is an effective way of correcting and reshaping your eye despite some(prenominal) challenges. They are several reasons as to why this form of surgery might be deemed important. This might be because some star is unable to use contact glasses and do not at any cost need them for their personal reasons such as cosmetic issues (Papel 116). Another reason is that, wearing of glasses limits what one can do especially in reference to entrainment or any other leisure activity that requires rigorous physical participation. In such a situation, the affected individual seeks the help of a surgeon to help with the eye problem through the laser surgery (Justesen 80). Others try to avoid as frequently as possible the cost of maintaining the contact lens because they require an extra care because of their fragility nature.People should consider several medical grounds forwards the laser eye surgery process is carried out for precautionary purposes. Surgeons recommend an individual to be over 20 years before they decide to use this medical procedure for their eye corrections (Justesen 80). Before the process is carried out, there is need to determine the thinness of the corneas because this kind of surgery has extra risks which can naughtily impact on an individual. In case of a special condition such as diabetes or a weak immune system, doctors should be in a position to advice accordingly.There are several rare side effects associated with laser eye surgery. Most of the notable side effects implicate glare and the impact of seeing halos around pictures. Others negative effects that result from this kind of eye surgery are challenges while dri ving at iniquity or in a mist

Spread of Islam in the Post Classical Period Essay Example for Free

Spread of Islam in the Post Classical Period EssayThe Sassanid Empire served as the revival of the Iranian Empire from 244-651 C.E., Persian traditions had endured during this time period and kinships as well as Zoroastrian piety were part of their everyday life. Bedouin or nomadic societies inhabited the Arabian Peninsula as well, with a conclusion based on goat and camel herding. However, life styles and interactions changed with the demonstration of Islam in the Post Classical period. In the 7th century Islam began a series of conquest and conversions, making their potential to become the first truly global civilization unstoppable. Once the Muslim raids began in India in 711 C.E. Islams puzzle out changed the Hindu itinerary of life and cultural unity between these and other civilizations began. The introduction of Islam to the Middle East and India from 622-1450 C.E. brought cultural, political, and frugal continuities and changes to these societies. Cultural and econ omic continuities included computer architecture and the growth of a strong trading system moreover, there were changes in political systems from kinships and Persian influence to religious based kingdoms and rulers.Cultural unity became wizard of the leading characteristics of the Empire. Architecture was one of the intellects that spread throughout the continents as well. Not only did it reach India and Africa, but the European continent as well. The mosque is a lay out of worship for those who follow the Islam faith. The first mosque to be built was the Quba Mosque in Medina, which was built when Muhammad arrived from the hijra back in 630 C.E. After the construction of the first mosque the idea of a behind for worship spread. The first mosques had dome shaped roofs and minarets to call people for prayer. As these ideas spread they became continuous in different societies as they adopted the same architectural techniques. As Islam spread, and architecture spread with it the idea of the mosque, a place for worship, and full devotion to Allah remained throughout its history. India adapted many of the Islam-Persian ideas for construction such as domes and minarets.The idea of the mosque is prolonged until this day. However, within this continuity changes arose. India and the Middle East were located in nearly the same region and shared a common climate. Their architectural ideas didnt differ to extremes. What did affect their differences was their idea of beauty and the materials available to them at that time. Both civilizations developed nearly isolated from each other until the first raids in 711 C.E. and the schematic establishment of a political Moslem power in India on 1206 C.E. By that time each of them had developed their own concept of beauty, which they introduced to architectural designs. For a long period of time Hindus had used wood as their primary material in construction, and had learned to modify it and use it to their taste. When this material became scarce they started use brick or stone like the Arabs. Both civilizations used the same materials, but Hindus managed stone differently since they brought many of the ideas and techniques they used with wood to this material. Nevertheless, a mosque can be clearly recognized in more or less societies, and although cultures introduced their concept of beauty into it, the idea of a place of worship to Allah was and still is continuous.Trade, no matter where and when, has always been an economic continuity throughout history. Dar al- Islam referred to the freedom to practice the religion in different places. As the religion spread, Dar al- Islam became more prominent among societies. Religious beliefs arrived at different civilizations and were soon adopted by them. Trade had been seen before in civilizations, however with Muslim conquests it flourished. In Bedouin parliamentary procedure tribes and towns traded with each other on a small scale. With the introduction of Islam landmasses were linked by important trade routes like the Silk Road, the Trans- Saharan trade, the Indian sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. The Middle East was in the middle of this trading business and so it benefited from this constant interaction. For the Post Classical part of its history, the Middle East controlled much of Indias trade with other civilizations. As trade flourished, new demands for materials took place.Although trade was prolong throughout history and it became a continuity in every society, during this time period some of the ways it was used and some of the demands for materials changed. In the Indian Ocean trade grew bigger each time, and demands for silk, porcelain, spices, gems, cotton, horses, and even slaves increased. Changes in the demand for goods reflected in the prosperity of the civilizations. Now, people mainly traded luxurious, and beautiful objects, which they couldnt find where they lived but were not really essential for their survival . The materials they traded may have changed, but trade flourished during these years making many economies dependent to its growth. Many changes were seen once the Muslims adjusted the Persian society to a religious based empire. Politically, many traditions and cultural influences from the Persians changed during the early development of Islam.The Middle East was a mix between nomads, Kingdoms, and empires ending with the Sassanid Empire in 651 C.E., Past societies used kinships to choose their rulers, unlike Islamic ones who used religious leaders as successors of Muhammad. The same happened with India, which was a Hindu society ruled by the caste-system. The religion did influence the civilization politically if we take the caste system into account, but aside from that no Hindu beliefs and traditions were used in the government. Islam changed this idea completely. The religion believed in a government fully merged with Islamic beliefs. The Zakat, for example, was a tax for char ity obligatory for the new faith, the places under Islamic control most be involved in paying this tax. Islam caused unity as well, warriors and leaders were given a common cause and strength to glorify their new religion, and so this encouraged them to spread to other regions.Jihads, which were holy wars, took place, all because of the words of Allah in the Quran. Everything being done was influence by the word of Allah. Sharia, which is the moral codes and laws of Islam, became the fundamental stigmatise of laws to follow. This set of moral codes and laws are derived from the Quran, showing its strong influence in politics from the reign of Muhammad to today. India was influenced by all these changes as well, which in a way mixed with Hinduism. The idea that men and women both could reach heaven promoted equality, and it was something that the Hindus adopted from the religion. However, the Arabs also adopted some of the Hindus ideas like the veil and harem, which still placed wom en as inferiors and submissive. Historically, Arab culture did not show this type of behavior towards women.In fact, Muhammads first wife Khadija was actually of great importance in Islamic religion, frequently referred to as mother of Islam and being the first real adherent of Islam. Khadija was given great value and respect among with other women who became adherents afterward. After this huge change however, Islamic politics became continuity throughout the whole Post Classical Period and even to present day. An Islamic based government was soon incorporated into their culture and became normal from there on. With the introduction of religion to the government a significant change was made from Persian culture to Islamic beliefs, after the fall of the Sassanid Empire, however once this change was made it became perpetual to the society.The Post Classical period, raging from 622-1450 C.E., was a period of change and continuous growth. Islam became the first global society in hist ory, extending its territory and providing similar cultural aspects like architecture and economic aspects like trading to different societies. Political changes were prominent in this era, and they changed the way civilizations under Islamic power functioned, from kinships and clan leaders to religious based empires. Islam had a rapid growth and with the growth of Dar Al-Islam, the religion was able to spread to different continents and change prehistorical traditions, but at the same time integrate with local traditions and create a lasting influence in various societies.

Willy Loman Essay Example for Free

Willy Loman EssayTask Willy Loman is in more ways foolish and objectionable, and yet he still commands our sympathy and even our respect. How far do you address this view of Willy Loman? In your response, you should consider how an actor might interpret the role of Willy.Willy Loman is the main character of Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. The play focuses on the final twenty four hours of his life.The main events of his life of his life are revealed using various techniques. Willy Loman always believed in the Ameri gutter Dream, but his character is now middle-aged and tired. We lowlife see both sides of Willys character. The first is how he is foolish and objectionable. The second is how he can command our sympathy and respect. This can make him a get into of pathos. I will be addressing these points in this essay. In addition, I will be exploring how an actor would be able to interpret Willys character.Willy Loman can in many ways appear foolish and objectionable. Willy Loman contradicts himself in many ways. He has a very aggressive attitude towards his family, especially towards his wife Linda. It is as if they are a soundboard for Willys problems and frustrations. Although he displays this behaviour towards the other characters, he shows deep compassion towards his family. We see other examples of this aspect of his character.He sees himself living the American Dream, by exaggerating to everyone of how swell he can sell his products. The irony of his job is that we never find expose what he actually sells. This then makes us have more questions than answers afterward we have finished reading the play. He likes to contradict himself, by one minute saying how drone is lazy however, he then says Biff is non lazy. This then makes us wonder what the relationship is between Willy and Biff, and if anything has happened to sabotage this.We get introduced to two characters, Willys two sons Biff and Happy. Willy has tried to shape both of thei r lives, but this has not gone well. We see the first mobile concurrency in the play. This was when both of his children were young. When Biff was young, Willy paid complete vigilance to Biff, helping him with his football career. Happy however, was filtrateing to be noticed by Willy. This can make Willy seems foolish, he even encourages and congratulates him when Biff steals a new football to help his passing. It is as if Willy would encourage Biff, but for all of the vituperate reasons.This and other events then makes Biff known as a kleptomaniac, that we see glimpses of throughout the play. Happy is trying to get Willy to notice him, through various ways. However, Willy literally ignores him, what can be signs of neglect. Willy feels deluded, by making himself bigger than most people, even if they try to help him physically and financially. Biff then gets a visit from his ally Bernard. Bernard is not as strong or tall as Biff, but Willy likes to use him to help Biff with his studies. He likes to call Bernard anaemic and a pest. Although at this point, Bernard reflexions as if he is going nowhere, he turns out to be somewhere in his life unlike Biff and Happy.He then gets back to reality, although he stills has a deluded mind. He tries to tell Linda how he made a large amount of wealth when he was working in Providence. However, he has to come immediate to the truth when he lowers the value of how much he earned. He finally tells the truth, when he talks about business not picking up. This shows us how objectionable he can be, even though he knows what the truth is. Linda then gets some stockings to darn. We get taken back into another flashback. We discover how Willy had an affair with a colleague when he went on a business trip. He then feels guilty, because he gave Lindas present of stockings to The Women.We see how the two time switches collide together, when he says how he will make it up to Linda, and he can hear the women laughing in the backgro und. Although we know that all of the acts that he has done are all out of foolishness, we can feel some sympathy towards Willy, for he is not finding it easy to cope with this pressure. We then find out that this is the reason why Biff and Willy have not had a good relationship. Biff then de-railed off his education, and then found no point in life. He did not look up to Willy as a role-model anymore. If you had to look at this aspect from an actors point of view, you can imagine him being played by someone who likes to over-exaggerate all of his lines. However, we can also imagine him being very tired in his speech in some parts, and always holding his head, like he is on the marge of a mental breakdown.Willy Loman can have another aspect to his character, which is how he can command our sympathy and even our respect. Willy has tried several times to try and commit suicide, always saying how he works himself to death and emphasises the word kill. This then makes us want to make h im a figure of pathos and does he have the power to command our sympathy. We are then able to answer this question, by how he is acting throughout just the first act. This is shown when we see how he is trying to make a living for him and his family, yet he can not make the cut. Linda, his wife has got a nave aspect towards her, and this is shown when she makes a condole with speech about Willy.She talks about him not being the finest character ever lived. This shows us that she knows he has got impurities in his character. She even imitates Willys earlier speech, by how attention must be finally paid to him. This shows that she still will support him, no matter what he has done in the past. These events happen throughout the play, until unfortunately he finally commits suicide. If an actor had to interpret this role, we can say how Willy would be very quick with some parts of his speech, but when he does monologues, he would be very slow and express his speech very well.In conclus ion, Willy is able to do be foolish and objectionable in some aspects, but can become a figure of pathos by making us feel sympathy towards him, and show him respect towards him. These events are very unfortunate, and we hope that this does not happen to us the audience in reality.

Balanced Diet Essay Example for Free

Balanced Diet EssayMaintaining a muscular balanced pabulum is important for importanttaining optimal health throughout life. For women of childbearing age, good nutriment is important for preparing the body for the demands of pregnancy. During pregnancy, a womans macronutrient (vim) and micronutrient (e.g. vitamins, mineral) requirements increase, and it is even more than than important that she consumes victuals which will ruin her both the energy and the specific micronutrients which ar essential for maintaining her and her growing babys health. For example, women require an accessional 240 calories of energy per day in the second trimester and 452 calories per day in the third trimester of pregnancy to visor for foetal growth. An entreeal 975 milligrams of iron is required in the course of the pregnancy to form foetal and additional maternal root.While nutritional supplements can provide large quantities of particular micronutrients, a healthy balanced nourishme nt should form the basis of a womans nutritional intake. Good nutrition is or so important immediately prior to conception and during the archetypical 12 weeks of pregnancy (including the very betimes stages, when the woman is unaw atomic number 18 she is pregnant). It is therefore important for women to maintain a healthy diet throughout their childbearing years, and particularly if they are planning to become pregnant.In addition to regular exercise, a healthy nearly balanced diet is essential for good health. liveness or rather the whole tone of life you get under ones skin is pendant on having good health. A well balanced diet would contain the three main groups of food as well as important vitamins and minerals.The first group of carbohydrates are free-base in foods such as bread, potatoes and rice. They are essenti exclusively(prenominal)y energy giving foods which power the muscles and some other tissues in our body. The next variety of food is the proteins whi ch form the unhurt part in all living cells. They are commonly found in milk, met and fish, and are necessary for the body to shape new cells and repair older damaged ones. For this very discernment growing children require a greater intake of the contrary kinds of proteins as compared to adults. Lastly we have fats which are alike energy-living foods entirely do not give it up as cursorily as carbohydrates because their molecular bodily structure is designed to render them exaltation as storage foods.As children are much(prenominal) more active than adults they use up more energy for their coat and therefore require more energy giving foods such ascarbohydrates. To this end fats are unsuitable. Moreover too much of a fatty food intake at an early age may triad to a problem with obesity in later life. In adults fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels in the form of cholesterin may lead to all kinds of heart ailments.In addition to the foods above the body also needs small quantities of evasive substances called vitamins and minerals.They are normally enclose in a commonsensible diet. For example vitamins A and D are found in some fatty foods. Vitamin D is important along with the mineral calcium, found in milk, for the validation of bones. Vitamin B is found in the husks of wheat or rice ad vitamin C in fresh fruits such as oranges and lemons. Important minerals such as potassium, zinc and iron are present in traces n most foods too. In addition to regular exercise, a healthy well balanced diet is essential for good health. Life or rather the quality of life you have is dependent on having good health. A well balanced diet would contain the three main groups of food as well as important vitamins and minerals.The first group of carbohydrates are found in foods such as bread, potatoes and rice. They are essentially energy giving foods which power the muscles and other tissues in our body. The next class of food is the proteins which for m the solid part in all living cells. They are commonly found in milk, met and fish, and are necessary for the body to build new cells and repair old damaged ones. For this very reason growing children require a greater intake of the different kinds of proteins as compared to adults. Lastly we have fats which are also energy-living foods but do not give it up as quickly as carbohydrates because their molecular structure is designed to render them ideal as storage foods.As children are much more active than adults they use up more energy for their size and therefore require more energy giving foods such as carbohydrates. To this end fats are unsuitable. Moreover too much of a fatty food intake at an early age may lead to a problem with obesity in later life. In adults fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels in the form of cholesterol may lead to all kinds of heart ailments.In addition to the foods above the body also needs small quantities of protective substances called vit amins and minerals.They are normally present in a sensible diet. For example vitamins A and D are found in some fatty foods. Vitamin D is important along with the mineral calcium, found in milk, for the formation of bones. Vitamin B is found in the husks of wheat or rice ad vitamin C in fresh fruits such as oranges and lemons. Important minerals such as potassium, zinc and iron are present in traces n most foods too. In addition to regular exercise, a healthy well balanced diet is essential for good health. Life or rather the quality of life you have is dependent on having good health. A well balanced diet would contain the three main groups of food as well as important vitamins and minerals.The first group of carbohydrates are found in foods such as bread, potatoes and rice. They are essentially energy giving foods which power the muscles and other tissues in our body. The next class of food is the proteins which form the solid part in all living cells. They are commonly found in m ilk, met and fish, and are necessary for the body to build new cells and repair old damaged ones. For this very reason growing children require a greater intake of the different kinds of proteins as compared to adults. Lastly we have fats which are also energy-living foods but do not give it up as quickly as carbohydrates because their molecular structure is designed to render them ideal as storage foods.As children are much more active than adults they use up more energy for their size and therefore require more energy giving foods such as carbohydrates. To this end fats are unsuitable. Moreover too much of a fatty food intake at an early age may lead to a problem with obesity in later life. In adults fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels in the form of cholesterol may lead to all kinds of heart ailments.In addition to the foods above the body also needs small quantities of protective substances called vitamins and minerals.They are normally present in a sensible diet. F or example vitamins A and D are found in some fatty foods. Vitamin D is important along with the mineralcalcium, found in milk, for the formation of bones. Vitamin B is found in the husks of wheat or rice ad vitamin C in fresh fruits such as oranges and lemons. Important minerals such as potassium, zinc and iron are present in traces n most foods too. In addition to regular exercise, a healthy well balanced diet is essential for good health. Life or rather the quality of life you have is dependent on having good health. A well balanced diet would contain the three main groups of food as well as important vitamins and minerals.The first group of carbohydrates are found in foods such as bread, potatoes and rice. They are essentially energy giving foods which power the muscles and other tissues in our body. The next class of food is the proteins which form the solid part in all living cells. They are commonly found in milk, met and fish, and are necessary for the body to build new cell s and repair old damaged ones. For this very reason growing children require a greater intake of the different kinds of proteins as compared to adults. Lastly we have fats which are also energy-living foods but do not give it up as quickly as carbohydrates because their molecular structure is designed to render them ideal as storage foods.As children are much more active than adults they use up more energy for their size and therefore require more energy giving foods such as carbohydrates. To this end fats are unsuitable. Moreover too much of a fatty food intake at an early age may lead to a problem with obesity in later life. In adults fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels in the form of cholesterol may lead to all kinds of heart ailments.In addition to the foods above the body also needs small quantities of protective substances called vitamins and minerals.They are normally present in a sensible diet. For example vitamins A and D are found in some fatty foods. Vitamin D is important along with the mineral calcium, found in milk, for the formation of bones. Vitamin B is found in the husks of wheat or rice ad vitamin C in fresh fruits such as oranges and lemons. Important minerals such as potassium, zinc and iron are present in traces n most foods too. In addition to regular exercise, a healthy well balanced diet is essential for good health. Life or rather the quality oflife you have is dependent on having good health. A well balanced diet would contain the three main groups of food as well as important vitamins and minerals.The first group of carbohydrates are found in foods such as bread, potatoes and rice. They are essentially energy giving foods which power the muscles and other tissues in our body. The next class of food is the proteins which form the solid part in all living cells. They are commonly found in milk, met and fish, and are necessary for the body to build new cells and repair old damaged ones. For this very reason growing childre n require a greater intake of the different kinds of proteins as compared to adults. Lastly we have fats which are also energy-living foods but do not give it up as quickly as carbohydrates because their molecular structure is designed to render them ideal as storage foods.As children are much more active than adults they use up more energy for their size and therefore require more energy giving foods such as carbohydrates. To this end fats are unsuitable. Moreover too much of a fatty food intake at an early age may lead to a problem with obesity in later life. In adults fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels in the form of cholesterol may lead to all kinds of heart ailments.In addition to the foods above the body also needs small quantities of protective substances called vitamins and minerals.They are normally present in a sensible diet. For example vitamins A and D are found in some fatty foods. Vitamin D is important along with the mineral calcium, found in milk, for t he formation of bones. Vitamin B is found in the husks of wheat or rice ad vitamin C in fresh fruits such as oranges and lemons. Important minerals such as potassium, zinc and iron are present in traces n most foods too.

Crystalline Concrete for Sub Structure Waterproofing

Cryst all in alline Concrete for Sub Structure Water establishmentingCrystalline Concrete for Sub Structure Waterproofing A literature ReviewAbstractIn recent years, numerous urban beas have suffered flood. The flood in urban area comes with even more disastrous personal do such as health catastrophise in addition to damage to the properties and financial loss. The urban flood leaves behind the flooded basement of houses and other public infrastructures which need professional attention to solve the problem. Number of techniques are for sale in the market for the post saying wet proofing solutions. However, this review article is focused on current method of integral cover body of water proofing method using vapourous waterproofing hooeys and preventing the step in structure flooding. This article reviews miscellaneous causes of basement flooding and gives an overview of proprietary characteristics of see-through materials such as doping quantity, influence on concrete and mortar compressive might, degree of water tightness/impermeability, reformation of inner structural hyaloplasm etc. The benefits of using crystalline materials are illustrated followed by a case study. This literature review article revealed more favourable features of crystalline waterproofing which do- nohingnot be ignored. Crystalline waterproofing was came out as the most cost efficient and easy to operate with solution. It does not impart any world-shattering flip on the structural properties of the concrete and can be used with varied types of concrete and mortar at disparate locations. The crystalline concrete is meant to be the future of water proof whirl industry and is currently used at many large-scale construction hydro projects to the multi-level basements of high rise structures.IntroductionVarious metropolitans and small urban areas across the world has suffered from flooding in recent years collectible to global warming effect. Cities across Canada are n o exceptions from such disasters. Metros such as Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, Calgary are the victims of severe urban flood disasters. Floods causes millions of dollars damage to the country and leaves financial and health catastrophes behind. In recent years, Canada has suffered most expensive floods in the history in the City of Calgary in Alberta and Greater Toronto Area in Southern Ontario. Flood in the city of Calgary costed almost 5-Billion-dollar loss to the government with 1.7-billion-dollar loss of insured properties 1. legion(predicate) homes were flooded in Greater Toronto Area in July 2013 and damaged properties worth 940$ million. In 2012, Insurance bureau of Canada revealed very astonishing fact that, almost 51% claims paid to the property owners due to flooded houses were related to the basement flooding. In addition to financial catastrophes, Severity of flooded basements to the human health cannot be ignored. burst walls and floors pooled with sewer waters are th e best breeding places for various pathogens and hazardous bacteria which can lend damage to respiratory and immunity system.There are several reasons for flooding of basements such as ground water ingress due to water table rise, infiltration of water during heavy rains, sewer hind end up, drainage hardship, etc. which leads to deterioration of basement structure. Soil aggression due to presence of chemicals are added source of active degradation of concrete constituents 2 3. Such added take chances of structural degradation of basement structure should be overcome by implying various changes into construction methods and post construction rehabilitation measures. By maintaining the sound structural condition of basement walls and ceiling/floor slabs, risk of basement flooding due to ground water ingress (Pluvial flooding) can be minimized. Chew and De silva 2 carried out 61 face to face interviews and survey of 987 cases with basement flooding sue to water seepage. The severity of the problem was categorized on Likert scale on 1 to 5 scale where 1 represented very mild, 3 moderate and 5 very severe condition. Poor common detailing, cracks and porosity was set as the main cause of water seepage during construction and after construction stage. I. H. Wong 3 studied the wetness of basement walls due to water seepage in various building of Singapore. it was found that in case of multi-level basement, the bottom most basement was significantly affected by moisture penetration.Numerous techniques have been develop finished years for waterproofing of sub come forward walls. During construction stage, Chemicals are sprayed on structural components for damp proofing and various membrane sheets are applied on the surface post construction. All of these methods requires extensive supervision, expertise and care during the installation and there are extensive chances of system failure during the installation and due to higher hydrostatic pressure. Post construc tion waterproofing techniques are more complex as they are employed on late detection and hence requires excavation, temporary guardianship or even possibly underpinning of adjacent structures and thus such measures cannot be employed while flowing waters 4. Most dwelling are constructed with sub surface drainages directed towards sum pits where pumps are installed to draw out percolated water to exterior sewer or storm water channels. In case of failure of pump or overflow of exterior system, drainages help water to seep by the walls.Mechanics of Moisture MigrationSame as in the case of concrete slab, water/moisture penetrates through the walls due to hydrostatic pressure or capillary tubing action 5. Hydrostatic water pressure is build up due to presence of high ground water table on the backfill side of the wall. capillary pores are developed in the soil or the wall itself. Capillary pores help water to elevate from lower to higher heights which is known as the capillary acti on. Concrete and especially mortar is more vulnerable to capillary action due to presence of already available micro cracks. Third but an uncommon way of the moisture migration is due to water vapour. Water in depth of soil or concrete turns into vapour due to subsequent change in the temperature. This helps vapour to travel through the sub structure walls in one case enough difference in the vapour pressure is established on both sides. For the prevention of moisture migration, integral crystalline waterproofing can be used with the use of chemical in the concrete mix.Crystalline ConcreteMany researchers are working for the complete solution for a water proof concrete which can be applied during the construction process such as an additive mixture in concrete batching plant or can be used as a surface treatment method desire a membrane but easy to install. However, the quest of finding an all in one solution is partially over with the development of crystalline concrete which is a n integral concrete waterproofing method. The crystalline concrete waterproofing was developed in early 40s and was knowing for repairing of concrete. However, the extensive research and product development has made integral crystalline waterproofing as the future of waterproof construction industry.This tested technology of crystalline intermixture contains organic and cementitious compounds which gets activated when comes in contact with the water and reacts with unhydrated cement 4. This reaction develops a needle like structures (As shown in externalize 1) filling the concrete pores or voids otherwise may have acted as capillary pores for the water ingress. In case if the concrete goes supercharge cracking or crack is opened due to movement, the activated material forms crystals to fill these voids and again seals the pores. This hydrophilic admixture alike helps unhydrated cement particles to stabilize through the course of time and prevents future existence of capillary p ores.Figure 1 Crystalline concrete needle like structures(Courtesy The National Academic Press)Properties and CharacteristicsThe crystalline admixture is composed of Portland cement, specially treated quartz and active chemicals. The composition of active chemical is kept secret by the manufacturers. However, the waterproofing effect of crystalline material is confirmed in laboratory by using various chemical mixtures. Zhang Yong et al. 6 carried out experimental study to pose the quantity of the doping chemical agent to be used in concrete for crystalline waterproofing effect. Various chemical agents such as complexing agent (denoted as B), Calcium aluminium composite flavor (denoted as C), Calcium hydroxide (denoted as D) and Calcium aluminium composite salt 2 (denoted as E) were used throughout the experiment. To determine the water resistivity, two seepage tests were conducted at 14 day and 28 day of casting specimen. Specimen with doping agent denoted as D and B performed th e best at 14 and 28 days respectively. These two specimens were further investigated for optimization of doping quantity. Following Figure 2 shows optimization tests results for doping agents D and B. Zhang Yong et al. 6 also carried out experiments to determine the compressive effectivity, breaking potency and bonding strength of coating paste and observed profit of compressive and breaking strength with increase in sand-cement ratio however bonding strength decreases with increase in sand-cement ratio (See Figure 3-5).Figure 2 Optimization test results 6Figure 3 Compressive strength 6Figure 4 Breaking strength 6Figure 5 Bond strength 6The influence of crystalline concrete admixture on the compressive strength of concrete was also studied by Pazderka7. The experiments were divided in to two phases, one for concrete and one for mortar. The compression resistance of concrete and mortar has been the topic of discussion since unyielding as the elements in the substructures are des igned for load bearing. The investigation of concrete compression test theatre of operationsed to crystalline admixture added by 2% of cement weight showed no change in the compressive strength result of concrete cubes however, slight deceleration in the hardening process of concrete was observed. In the case of cement mortar, an increase of 25% in compressive strength was observed on forty-first day of casting. Figure 6 shows the trend of growth in compressive strength of cement mortar subjected to same weight of crystalline admixture.Figure 6 Growth trend of compressive strength of cement mortar 7The fastness of waterproofing by crystalline admixture is also a subject of claims by various manufacturers as there are no credible research has been carried out to measure the waterproofing speed of crystalline admixtures. Pazderka and Hajkova 8 studied the speed of waterproofing while using the crystalline admixtures. The experiment involved carrying out water pressure tests at diffe rent time intervals during the early hydration stage of cement. Xypex merge C-1000 NF was used as crystalline admixture as it is widely available in the market. Cube specimen casted were subjected to 0.5MPa water pressure for 72 hours and cubes were broken to determine seepage afterwards. The test result data showed that, complete water proofing is achieved on 12th day of curing and seepage boundary was measured at 15 mm from the surface. The concrete was declared ready to carry the water load. Following Figure 7 shows seepage boundaries at various day of intervals.Figure 7 Seepage shapes at various days of intervals 8W. Keliang et al. 9 studied the impermeability of permeated crystalline concrete by performing impermeability tests. The results showed that use of permeated crystalline material decreases very well cracks in in the mortar matrix and reduces the distribution of pores with diams larger than 200nm and reduced the distribution of littler pores having diameter 20nm-100n m. This in turn reduces the most probable diameter of pores available in matrix without permeated crystalline material and hence improves water tightness. Following Figure 8 shows the distribution curve for pores with differential diameter subjected to different dosage of permeated crystalline material.Figure 8 distribution curve for pores with differential diameter subjected to different dosage of permeated crystalline material 9Reiterman and Baumelt 10 investigated the long-term sorption properties of concrete with crystalline admixture. It was observed that, in the initial stage of curing (7 days), the dosage of crystalline material in concrete mix does not make any change in water tightness as it retards 50% water with 0.5% and 1.0% content of crystalline material. The research suggests matured effectivity of crystalline material on 90 days and suggests past data with more than 50% and 80% reduction in capillary water transportation with same 0.5% and 1.0% content.Crystalline mi xtures can also be used as a surface treatment tool as a post construction water proofing measure. In case, the optimum weightiness or depth of the crystalline cover is necessary to protect the element from further degradation. Reiterman and Pazderka 11 studied the influence of crystalline coating depth on water transport in concrete structure by electrical resistivity method, water absorption and reliability affected due to construction joints and. The researchers observed significant change in the inner formation of the concrete matrix and confirmed water tightness of the crystalline material particularly in construction joint areas.BenefitsThere are several benefits of using crystalline concrete waterproofing can be drawn from studying the literature. It can be used during construction and after construction measure. Crystalline material easily penetrates in to the concrete pores and becomes an inherent part of the concrete which cannot be detached like membrane sheets. cosmos a hydrophilic material, it gets activated when come to contact with water or moisture. Crystalline materials are readily available from different manufacturers and are easy to store and install. Crystalline materials can be applied on different types of concrete and mortars from outside or inside. Crystalline waterproofing is a cost effective long term solution for the substructure water proofing and hence being a successful and sustainable solution, it is increasingly used in large hydro projects around the world. shell study AIG headquarters capital of the United KingdomThe American International Group Inc. (AIG) is located on Fenchurch Street London. The building consists of 14 storey structure with two levels of basements. The original level was meant to host mechanical and electrical facilities and second level was supposed to be used for car parking and document storage 12. The construction of the building was followed by a very tight time schedule and hence, the sub-contrac tor Duffy construction Ltd. used the integral concrete waterproofing technique and saved a moth. Pudlo laborious integral concrete waterproofing powder was used with C40 grade of concrete, cement content of 350 Kg/m3, water/cement ratio of 0.4 and slump height was 100mm. The concrete was supplied by London Concrete. Water proofing agent with concentration of 8 Kg/m3 was used and al-Qaida content was kept below 2.45 Kg/m3 reducing the alkali silica reaction. The modified concrete was used to construct a 1.2m thick raft for basement and located 7m below ground supported on stack foundation. High density bentonite based sealer was used in joint as an added measure for water tightness. These modifications in concrete resulted into 90% reduction in water absorption and more than 50% reduction in water penetration under pressure while improving freeze-thaw, chloride and oxygen diffusion and sulfate resistance. Mixture also developed increased compressive and flexural strength with redu ced shrinkage/wetting expansion, efflorescence, leaching and carbonation rate.ConclusionFlooded basements are the most common property claims filled by home owners and costs millions of dollars loss to the insurance industry and the economy of the country. there are various types of post construction techniques are available for water proofing such as membrane sheets or chemical sprays etc. out of which crystalline concrete water proofing method of integral water proofing was observed to serve best. Crystalline materials are available in various mixtures which can be used during construction as an additive to the mortar or concrete mix and it can also be used as chemical spray for post construction water proofing. It is observed that, crystalline concrete when comes in contact with water or moisture, it gets activated and forms needle like structure inside the structural matrix. These formation fills harmful pores of diameter larger than 200nm and increases the distribution of small er diameter pores ranging from 20nm-100nm. The influence of crystalline material on compressive strength of concrete is almost negligible. However, Compressive strength of mortar gets increased by 25 on 41st day of casting. The structural matrix achieves full water tightness on 7th day of casting and becomes ready to bear the water load. The long-term effects of crystalline waterproofing are observed more favourable than short term effect neglecting the misconception of increased dosage requirement.1D. Sandlink, Urban flooding and ground-related homes in canada An overview, in Journal of flood risk management 6th international conference on flood management, Sao Paulo Brazil, 2016.2M. Chew and N. De Silva, Benchmarks to minimize water leakages in basements, Structural Survey, Vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 131-145, 2003.3I. Wong, Experience with waterproofness of basements constructed of concrete diaphragm wall in singapore, Tunneling and underground space technology, Vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 491 -495, 1998.4C. Deckard, Rethinking waterproofing for subsurface structures, in Fifth Forensic Engineering Congress, upper-case letter D.C., 2009.5R. W. Day, Moisture penetration of concrete floor slabs, basement walls and flat slab ceilings, Practice periodical on structural design and construction, Vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 104-107, November 1996.6Y. Zhang, X. Du, Y. Li, F. Yang and Z. Li, Research on cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing coating for underground concrete works, Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 450-451, pp. 286-290, 2012.7J. Pazderka, The crystalline admixture effect on concrete and cement mortar compressive strength, fundamental Engineering Materials, Vol. 722, pp. 87-91, 2017.8J. Pazderka and E. Hajkova, The speed of the crystalline admixtures waterproofing, Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 722, pp. 108-112, 2016.9K. Wang, T. Hu and S. Xu, Influence of permeated crystalline waterproof materials on impermeability of concrete, Advanced Material Research, Vols . 446-449, pp. 954-960, 2012.10P. Reiterman and V. Baumelt, Long-term sorption properties of mortars modified by crystallizing, Advanced Material Research, Vol. 1054, pp. 71-74, 2014.11P. Reiterman and J. Pazderka, Crystalline coating and its influence on the water transportat in concrete, Advances in civil engineering, Vol. 2016, pp. 1-8, 2016.12M. Phenna, A waterproof basement for AIG headquarters London, London Concrete Magazine, 2004.

Examining Marketing Strategies for the Mauritius Fast Food Market

Examining Marketing Strategies for the Mauritius Fast Food MarketINTRODUCTIONIt is the beginning of a new era that the unwavering viands industry has piecemeal breakthrough the Mauritius lifestyle. Due to the globalisation process, many fast nutriment franchises atomic number 18 now easy in Mauritius.Whether these fast foods have revolutionised Mauritius, today these products form breach of our lifestyle and culture. People rely on their convenience to enhance their lives and productivity.But in the fast and increasing emulous business surround of today, the right merchandise approach is necessary to compete with adversarys. The ability to develop effective commercializeing strategy which enable the firm to become more responsive and adaptable to the trade will perhaps more than ever before, nock the winners from the losersThe rational of developing marketing strategies is to respond to the increasing high demand in fast food and to eventually increase the market sh be of chicken make merry Ltd. The answer lies in the fact that crybaby Delight Ltd franchise is in the fast food industry, selling fried chicken, chips and burgers, and its main and direct competitor is Kentucky Fried yellowed. sensationalistic Delight Ltd is relatively new on the Mauritian market and Kentucky Fried crybaby has already position itself in the mind of clients since it (KFC) was launched in Mauritius in the year 1983.Chapter 1 wimp Delight LtdCompany and Product Profile yellow Delight Ltd was incorporated on the 22nd March 2001. The caller-out is a franchise, offering five product lines it sells fried chicken, chips, burgers, salads and soft drinks.In the early 2000s, with the globalisation and the branch of fast foods in Mauritius, the troupe has introduced the brand name of Chicken Delight in Mauritius. To cater for customer needs, Chicken Delight Ltd has set up unrivalled retail shop situated at Royal Road, Port-Louis (under the trade name of Chicken Delight .Chicken Delight Ltd is withal an extremely innovative company with alone(p) menu items, and to adapt the products more to the local Mauritian market, Chicken Delight has introduced 30 products in Mauritius.Chicken Delight MissionAs stated by the manager, Chicken Delights mission is To provide fast foods that exceed customer expectations in terms of service, price and qualityChicken Delight VisionTo be pay throughout the island, and to be the market leader in the fast food industry(as stated by the manager)Product ProfileIn Mauritius, Chicken Delight products are manufactured within international norms and quality to provide the maximum satisfaction to its customers. The products sold are Halal guaranteed. Thus whatever someones belief and culture, he or she can eat Chicken Delights products.Thorough study of the product line has been conducted to meet up the different tastes and habits of different people in Mauritius. In Mauritius, Chicken Delights product mix consists of five product lines, namely fried chicken, Chips, burgers, salads and soft drinks.Chapter 2 Regaining competitive advantage2.0 IntroductionThis chapter will aim at assessing Chicken Delights strengths and weaknesses, its opportunities and threats through an analysis of its outside(a) general environment also called macro environment, its particularised external, also called micro environment and conducting an organisational audit. It will conclude with a SWOT analysis modelThe critical accusatory of Chicken Delight is to achieve competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is an advantage that a firm has all over its competitors, allowing it to generate greater sales or margins and retains more customers than its competitors. It is all just about profitability, and this can be achieved by either lowering cost (comparative advantage) or differentiate its product/service (differential advantage) or by doing both simultaneously, so that it creates more value and can charge a higher pric e (Hill Jones, 2008, p104).There are 4 competitive advantagesEfficiencyQualityInnovationCustomer responsivenessAll these factors are key success to competitive advantage. Focusing on efficacy allows Chicken Delight to keeps close control of costs, and dealing with the quality, customer responsiveness and innovation allows the company to maintain its customer loyalty and charge premium prices, thereby gaining competitive advantage.2.1 Chicken Delight internal and external analysisChicken Delight to generate future alternative strategies and decide which strategic alternative to pursue to regain competitive advantage and improve profitability, it is vital to assess Chicken Delights strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats.Strengths and weaknesses are internal to a company. They determine strategic capabilities of an organization, which rely on its resources and competences. The objective of Chicken Delights internal analysis is to identify its tangible and intangible thre shold resources, unique resources, threshold and core competences, which allow them to compete effectively and stay ahead.On the other hand opportunities and threats are part of an organisations industry and macro environment. Identifying and analysing opportunities and threats in Chicken Delights working environment allow the company to determine how best to take a crap on opportunities and avoid threats. It helps deciding in which areas resources need to be committed or diverted.Assessing Chicken Delights strengths and weaknesses opportunities and threats will entail analyzing their general external environment (macro environment) its specific external environment (micro environment) and conducting an organizational audit.2.1.1 SWOT analytic thinkingThe swot analysis summarizes key issues from the business environment and the strategic capabilities of an organization that are most probably to impact on strategy development. The aim is to identify the extent to which the strengt hs and weaknesses of an organization are capable of dealing with changes taking place in the environment.SWOT provides a guide to management action and provides an slender framework for decision-making. The main purpose of a swot analysis is to identify the strategies that will best fit Chicken Delights resources and capabilities to opportunities and threats of Chicken Delights environment, play down weaknesses, avoid threats or use creativity and innovation to turn them into opportunities. It further helps identify and align a set of strategies at functional level, at business level and at corporate level. (Hill, Jones, 2008, Pg 9).SWOT Analysis for Chicken DelightStrengthsHas high seating capacity, more than its main competitor KFCHas good customer service, staffs are well trained for dealing with customersUses fresh raw materials obtained from the local market for maximum qualityClean and tidy environment and air-conditioned seating spaceStrong brand name as Chicken Delight is w ell known around the placeWeaknessesWeak residuum sheet showing lossesNo customers after 17.00 as all the shops are already closed at that timeNo variety of vegetarian foods easyNo product innovation since its openingNo kids meal availableNo home delivery service availableSlow service to customers during peak time due to lack of staffsNarrow product line, as have only chicken chips and burgers. No beef or fish dishesOpportunitiesBeing a franchise, it can expand easily to other location as Chicken Delight has a good reputationCan introduce other products available at the Chicken Delights Head Office and thus increases the range of productsCan introduce new products for vegetarians and for kids and introduce fish and beef productsSelling company shares to the alert staffs to increase staff belongings to the companyCan try to increase market share rapidly due to strong brand name and excellent location of fast foodThreatsIncrease in price of raw materialsDecrease in purchasing powe r of customers, customers will prefer cheaper foods despite little qualityPossible ledger entry of competitors selling same kind of products at cheaper price and at a give out qualitySevere laws about food production in Mauritius may interfere with the existence of Chicken DelightFranchiser imposes new law upon its franchiseesCustomers prefer healthy foods to fried oily foodsCustomer go another focus of spending money and stop purchasing at Chicken Delight2.2 Analysis of Chicken Delights general external environmentThe changing environmental factors have a high impact on the success or failure of business strategy. PESTEL model are used for analyzing the general external environment (macro environment) of organization such as Chicken Delight. It allows scenarios to be developed about the future.The macro environmental factors influencing Chicken Delight are as follows 2.2.1 PESTEL Analysis of Chicken DelightPoliticalThe operations of chicken Delights are highly influenced by the individual state policies.Chicken Delight is affected by politics policies on the regulations of fast food operation. Government is controlling the marketing of fast food restaurant because of health issue such as cholesterol issue, cardiovascular and obesity among the young children.Government control the license given for opening the fast foodGood relationship with government in giving benefits such as employment and tax for the company success. scotchFast food industry do have their individual concerns involving economic factors such as branches of fast food chains like Chicken delight is hit by inflation and changes in the exchange rate.Social/CulturalChicken Delight indulges a particular variety of consumers with definite types of personalities.Young urban consumers want technology in their life and facilities such as credit card payment radiocommunication net income, cosy and relaxing ambient place and other attraction for their hangout and eating. The Mauritian populat ion is becoming more and more health conscious and about how and what to eat. They are eating foods that are more healthier and less food with lots of oils, fat and spicy. Chicken Delight is thinking about how to offer the customer with healthier foods and also vegetarians foods.Hindu people do not take beef, and Muslim people do not eat pork. So far Chicken Delight has shown good effects in localization of its menu to suit local taste and had constantly survey and learns about local culture to better understand and design the best product for them.TechnologicalFor a fast food restaurant, technology does not give high impact on the company and it is not a significant macro environment variables. Chicken Delight is looking to competitors innovation and improved itself in term of integrating technology in managing its operation.Chicken Delight is looking in inventory system, supply chain management system to manage its supply.Easy payment and ordering systems for its customers and wir eless Internet technology.Legal factorsAs a certified fast food operator, Chicken Delight should follow many regulations and procedures. Chicken Delight has to take into consideration level-headed concepts like tax obligations, employment standards and quality requirement.Chicken Delight requires conforming their meat to the Halal requirement of the law. The legal requirement is important so that the company do not get a fine or their business prohibited from operating.EnvironmentVegetarian environmentalist criticizes the fast food giant for cruelty to animals and slaughtering.Chicken Delight used paper packaging, and Chicken Delight was criticized for being insensitive to pollution and this was having a high impact on the environment by throwing aside those hard to recycle packaging.Mauritius is getting concerned for environment issues and business operating should emphasise on business concernful usage of world resources for sustainable development and should care for environme nt safely and health for our future generation.2.3 Analysis of Chicken Delights specific external environmentThe common models used for analysing the specific external environment of organisations, also known as the micro environment of organisation such as Chicken Delight is the use of the Porters 5 forces model and analysis of the competitive market structure.Porter has suggested that it is the collective strength of these forces that determine the attractiveness of the industry. Organisation should tend to find a position in the industry where it can either admit itself against these forces or influence them in its favour.Analysis of the specific environment along Porters 5 forces model reveals the micro environmental factors that affect Chicken Delight as followsThe Structural analysis of humbled enterprisePorters 5 forces model of competitionSource Porter 1980Porter (1980) claims, There are five forces which determine competitiveness.Porters 5 forces model would be useful to analyse the impact of structural forces upon the fast food (which is a small enterprise)Barriers to EntryIn the fast food industry, the barriers to entry are relatively low. Only a small investment is required to see up a fast food outlet and it is not unenviable to obtain a franchise from an international company.There are many marchand ambulants (street Hawkins) who can easily sell their snacks in the streets of Port Louis or even infront of Chicken Delight outlet.BuyersIf buyers are powerful vis--vis small firms, there are more opportunities to obtain discounts, supplementary services, products of superior quality and other benefits, that could only add to the costs of small firms.At Chicken Delight, buyers can very easily shift to other fast food, since they have a wide choice of products at relatively lower costs than Chicken Delight Products.Some of the fast foods available are roti, doll pouri, samoussa, gato piment, and pain fourre among others.SuppliersLarge suppliers prod uce an impact on small firms by the management they price the raw materials.Concerning the suppliers, raw materials such as chicken, potatoes, cheese, lettuces and bread are easily obtained on the Mauritian market.RivalryThe intensity of rival among existing firms can remain high if there are high exit barriers. As highlighted by Stokes (1995), exit barriers that prevent small firms from quitting the industry, are-Economic constraint such as costs of liquidation or sales or loss of incomePsychological attachment to the enterpriseLoyalty to employeesPrides that comes from ownershipConcerning the competitive rivalry, there are lots of competitors in the fast food industry. Some of the direct competitors that also sell fried chicken are KFC and Rodeo Fried Chicken. early(a) rivals that also offer fast food are Pizza Hut, McDonald, Debonnais and other Mauritian snacks (roti, doll pourri, samoussa) and restaurants.Threats of SubstituteStokes (1995) stresses upon two ways through which substitutes might exist a real danger to a small firms products.A substitute which performs the same function, but in a different way.A substitute way of spreading money.There is really a real threat for Chicken Delight as there are many substitutes of fast foods on the Mauritian market. These substitutes are the local foods as gato-piment, samoussa, roti, doll-pourri, the brianis, the restaurants, and also foods that can be easily cooked using a microwave.Also, people may find a better way of spending, rather than spending their money on fast foods, they may turn towards more healthy foods.

Matching the Differences in Grammar

Matching the Differences in GrammarMatching the Differences in Grammar and Lexicon in Translation ProcessIntroductionIn Nidas view, Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language, first in terms of meaning and abetly in terms of style (Nida, Eugene A., 1975 14). In other terms, translation is the process of transformation from a speech product (or text) produced in one language to a speech product (or text) in other language. During this process of transformation the level of content in the source text should remain unchanged. However, the modes of thinking and expression of face and Chinese are very different. The prestigious European-born Ameri screwing literary critic, voice, and educator George Steiner remarks, The difficulties of translating Chinese into a western language are notorious. Chinese is composed mainly of monosyllabic units with a wide rate of diverse meanings. The grammar lacks clear tense d istinctions. The characters are logographic but many contain pictorial rudiments or suggestions. The relations mingled with propositions are paratactic kinda than syntactic and punctuation marks represent breathing pauses far more than they do logical or grammatical segmentations. (George Steiner/After Babel, 1998 271) Chinese is a beautiful language with a tightly knit structure. Though it is one of the most ancient languages in the world, it still has strong expressiveness and utility value. During the process of translation, various differences between the grammar and lexicon are very common. The Chinese translator can never be so cocksure of what an English sentence or passage really intend without being crystal clear about its syntactic and textual structure as well as the lexical and grammatical meanings of the expressions it contains. And a well-trained bilingual translator should have the energy to handle all these differences and guide out a compete transcript of the original work, making sure the style and manner of typography are of the same character as that of the source text. In the following part, I volition analyze some features in the grammar and lexicon of English and Chinese and give some translation strategies.LexiconEnglish has a large vocabulary. Historically, it absorbed a giant number of words from other languages, i.e. French, Latin and Greek. Given the various origins and the synonyms already existed in English, the English speaker always have several choices to express a certain meaning. Hence there are many synonyms and near-synonyms in English. Also, polysemy appears widely in this language. Chinese has copious synonyms as well as near-synonyms, too. So the translators need to carefully consider the differences between all of the options and find the remunerate word to use in particular situations. in that location is no change of forms in Chinese vocabulary. The Chinese language users mainly express the meaning of a sente nce through the words, the word orders and their internal logical relations. The English vocabulary has copious changes of forms, for instance, the nouns have singular and plural forms the verbs have different forms when the psyche, the case, the tense, or the liking is changing the adjectives and adverbs both have the comparative degree and the superlative degree many words also can add the prefix or the postfix to change its meaning. While translating English to Chinese, the translator needs to add some words or change the form of Statement to show the change of forms in the English text. While translating Chinese to English, the translator should change certain forms to match the tense, the mood and the voice in the Chinese text. Here are two English sentences and their Chinese translations. His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness (). With defenses rigidly constructed in our own childhood and beyond, we can become frozen in our ability to adapt to the new role o f caring for our children in a consistent and clear manner. Normal aspects of our childrens experience such as their emotionality, their helplessness and vulnerability, and their dependence on us can feel threatening and become intolerable (,,,,) In the first sentence, added to is translated as not which is translated word by word because uneasiness way which does not fit well with . The second sentence comes from a psychological book about parenthood named Parenting from the Inside Out which was translated to Chinese by me. There are two children in the text, I translated the first to and the second . The reason is that the first one is in the text of the new role of caring for our children, it is wrongful to say which is too redundant. Based on the code of the Chinese language, I omitted ? which stands for the plural form and which is a part of the subject that needless to mention.Generally communicate, in English, nouns, prepositions, adjectives and adverbs are more acti ve and can express more meanings in the sentences while in Chinese, verbs, phrases and clauses are more powerful. Some adverbs in English are very informative which can be translated as a separate Chinese sentence or clause. In contrast, some Chinese clauses can be translated as a certain English word. For example, ,(He is a greenhand).GrammarThe overt cohesive relationships between parts of the texts are necessarily linked to a languages grammatical clay (Halliday and Hasan 1976 44). Thus, grammatical differences between languages will be expressed by changes in the types of ties used to mark cohesion in the source and target texts (Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 1986 18). I will analyze the grammatical differences between English and Chinese in terms of sentence word order, sentence structure and paragraph awareness.Sentence Word regulateThere are some similarities in the word order of the sentences between English and Chinese, for example, the orders of the main part of a sentence (the s ubject, the predicate, the object and the predicative) are the same. The differences equivocation in the positions of the attribute and the adverbial.Position of AttributeIn Chinese sentences, the attribute is always in front of the modified noun. As for English, if the attribute is a word, it is displace in front of the modified noun too if the attribute is a phrase, then its position is always behind the noun. For example, The man you saw yesterday is his cousin().Position of adverbialIf the adverbial is a word, it should be placed in front of the modified adjectives and other adverbials, no matter in English or Chinese. For example, He deeds very hard ().While the adverbial (a word) is modifying a verb, for Chinese, it should be placed in front of the modified word for English, the position is more flexible. For instance, IT industry has been development rapidly in these years(IT).The molecules of a gas are moving about extremely fast in all directions ().If the adverbial is a phrase, when it is modifying a verb, in English, the position of the phrase is flexible while in Chinese, in most cases, the phrase is in front of the modified part, e.g. William left the shop without a word ().Sentence structureThe English sentences value hypotaxis while the Chinese sentences pay more attention on parataxis. The English language always use morphological changes, conjunctions, prepositions, attributive clauses and absolute structures to indicate the grammatical relation between sentence elements. Having no morphological changes, attributive clauses and absolute structures and few conjunctions and prepositions, the grammatical relations between elements in Chinese sentences are often indicated implicitly. The Chinese sentential form is more casual than English. For instance, They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of each Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives (,,,).Paragraph awarenessIn English, if the who le paragraph only mentioned one person or a certain thing, the subjects seldom change which keeps coherence of the text. As for Chinese, there is no such rule for maintaining the subjects in a paragraph. Hence, while translating a Chinese paragraph to English, the translator should pay attention to the subjects. Here is an example. ,,,,, (She got into her chair and was soon carried through the city wall. Peeping through the gauze panel which served as a window, she could see streets and buildings more rich and elegant and throngs of people more lively and numerous than she had ever seen in her life before) (Yang Hsien-yi/ Gladys Yang, 1995 72). This sentence comes from the Classical Chinese publications A Dream of Red Mansions and the English version was translated by Chinese translators Yang Hsien-yi and his wife Gladys Yang. The Chinese paragraph does not even mention the subject, but we can define that there are two subjects in this paragraph the person and the street. As for t he English version, in order to keep the coherence, the translator skillfully merges the second subject into the text by taking it as the object.ConclusionOne of the translation standards put forward by Chinese translator and reformer Yan Fu in the 19th century is faithfulness (and the rest two are comprehensiveness and elegance). It is obvious that faithfulness is the most important standard among the three. However, there are disparities between one language and another disparities in lexicon, in grammar and in linguistic structure, etc. So it is impossible to achieve the absolute faithfulness. But a professional person bilingual translator can achieve the real faithfulness in a possible sense a faithful translation in nigh formality with not only the original context, but also the original form and style. Though there are many differences in lexicon and grammar between Chinese and English, as long as the translators mind these differences and take the related translation strat egies, they still can contribute very profound translations and help people speaking different languages communicate with each other.(1,942 words)ReferencesHalliday, M. and R. Hasan, 1976. Cohesion in English. London Longman.George Steiner, After Babel, 1998. Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxford Oxford University PressNida, Eugene A., 1975. Language Structure and Translation. Stanford Standford University Press, CaliforniaShoshana blum-kulka, 1986. Interlingual and Intercultural Communication Discourse and knowledge in Translation and Second Language Acquisition Studies. Tubingen NarrYang Hsien-yi/ Gladys Yang, 1995. A Dream of Red Mansions. Beijing Foreign Languages Press 12/16/2009 Page7 of 7