Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason from “Jane Eyre” Essay

I bent forward: first surprise, then bewilderment, came over methis was not Sophie, it was not Leah The shape standing before me had never crossed my eyes within the precincts of Thornfield Hall beforeIts seemed, sir, a woman, tall and largeIt was a discoloured face—it was a savage face. I wish I could forget the roll of the red eyesthe lips were swelled and darkShall I tell you of what it reminded me? †¦the vampire. If a person were to read this quote for the first time, his instinct would be of a stereotypical mystery or even horror book. But in fact, this comes from Jane Eyre written by Charlotte Bronte, with a plot nothing like what one might think from this passage. This shows that no matter what the plot of story is; in this case two peoples journey to find love, there is some mystery that keeps the reader guessing. Jane experiences several of Berthas crazy escapes from the attic, but is completely unaware of who or what she is. This lack of knowledge of Janes brings in a sense of suspense and terror to the plot. Without this fear that Berthas character creates in Janes life, the story would just be another tale of love. Jane becomes more curious about the mystery hidden deep in Thornfield Hall and begins to think the person causing the mayhem is Grace Poole. The dread of Bertha produces a dark cloud over Thornfield, symbolizing the secrets kept by its residents, specifically Mr. Rochester. Bertha is a metaphor for Janes subconscious feeling of rage. Jane loves Rochester, but she still fears the binds that the marriage will bring. Jane never acts out on this anger or fear, but Bertha does. Bertha ripping Janes wedding veil symbolizes a secret feeling of Janes that the marriage should not go on. Jane leaves Thornfield, feeling it is now a place of imprisonment or inferiority. While she is away, Bertha burns down Thornfield, expressing what Jane could only feel and not carry out. Bertha is also an antithesis with Jane. They are compared to show the contrast of both. Before the reader even know who Bertha is, it is clear the she has savage-like qualities that bring out Janes righteousness and kindness. This gives the reader more understanding into Janes character. As the story continues and Rochesters past containing Bertha is identified,  similarities between Jane and Bertha are observed. They are both symbols of the socially imprisoned Victorian women. One example is their unattractiveness in the Victorian era. Bertha becomes ugly from her insanity, showing that women, including Jane, were somehow confined due to their lack of beauty. The presence of Bertha Mason in the plot strengthens the readers desire to keep reading and discover who the vampire is. Berthas mystery also strengthens Janes and Rochesters relationship and creates a perfect climax to one of the most read stories of the nineteenth century.

Output Devices

Output devices are things we use to get information OUT of a computer. Here are some examples of output devices:- Monitor George Doyle/Stockbyte/Getty ImagesThe most common computer output device is the monitor or computer screen. Monitors create a visual display from processed data that users can view. They come in a variety of screen sizes and visual resolutions. There are two types of computer monitors, CRT and flat panel. CRT monitors use phosphorescent dots to create the pixels that make up display images. Flat panel monitors usually use LCD or plasma to create output. Light is passed through liquid crystals to create the pixels. All monitors rely on a video card that is located on the computer motherboard or in a special expansion slot. The video card processes the computer data into image details that the monitors can display.PrinterRyan McVay/Photodisc/Getty ImagesPrinters produce a hard copy version of processed data such as documents and photographs. The computer sends the image data to the printer, which then physically recreates the image onto an object. There are three types of computer printers: ink jet, laser and dot matrix. Inkjet printers spray tiny dots of ink on a surface to create an image. Laser printers use toner drums that roll through magnetized pigment and then transfer the pigment to a surface. Dot matrix printers use a print head to imbed images on a surface, using an ink ribbon. There are also colour printers which help to improve the appearance of a document or project.Speakers/HeadphonesZedcor Wholly Owned/PhotoObjects.net/Getty ImagesComputers produce audio data that require output devices such as speakers and headphones to deliver the sound to the user. Audio data is created by the computer and then sent to the audio card, which is located in an expansion slot. The card translates the data into audio signals, which are sent to the audio output device.CD/DVD/Floppy DiscJupiterimages/Comstock/Getty ImagesCD, DVD and floppy disc are output devices that can also be used as storage and input devices. The computer sends data to the disc, where it is embedded and can be later retrieved. Compact disc, or CD, is an optical device that stores audio and visual data in a digital format. Data is placed on the disc, using a laser writer that embeds the data into the disc’s coating. Digital Versatile Disc, or DVD, is an optical device that stores visual data in a media format. DVDs feature a dual coating system that allows audio and visual data to be written at the same time by using a laser. Floppy disc is a magnetic storage device. A layer of magnetized material is placed within a proactive plastic casing. The computer embeds the data into the magnetized material, using a writing head.ProjectorIT Stock/Polka Dot/Getty ImagesProjectors are display devices that project a computer created image. The computer sends the image data to the video card which then sends the video image to the projector. They are typically used for presentations or for viewing videos.PlotterStockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty ImagesPlotters create a hard copy rendition of a digitally rendered design. The design is sent to the plotter via a graphics card, and creates the design using a pen. Generally used with engineering applications, plotters basically draw an image using a series of straight lines.

Tort Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tort Law - Coursework Example Before this case, if a professional person made a statement to another, and the other person relied upon this statement, the only remedy for this would be a remedy in contract, not in tort.2 Hedley Byrne changed this basic rule, and now parties may recover for purely economic loss, even if there is not a contractual relationship. The facts in Hedley are similar to the case at bar. In Hedley, Hedley Byrne was a firm of advertising agents with a customer, Easipower Ltd., who put in a large order. Hedley carried out this large order, but not before it got a report from the Heller & Partners Ltd. Bank regarding Easipower’s creditworthiness. The bank replied that Easipower was creditworthy, Hedley relied upon this statement, gave Easipower its orders, Easipower went out of business, and Hedley Byrne lost  £17,000 on the deal. Hedley Byrne sued Heller & Partners for their statement. Heller replied that there was not a duty of care, and that liability was excluded. What the Hedley court found was that there was a special relationship between the parties, and the court found that the special relationship was formed because the defendant reasonably should have known that the plaintiff would rely upon the statements that they gave to them. This foreseeable reliance creates a special relationship. Since the decision in Hedley, the UK courts have expanded upon the definition of special relationship and what would give rise to an action in negligence, with regards to people who are professionals. For instance, 3expanded upon the Hedley principle, and stated that if something is common practice, then it is not unreasonable to rely upon the word of that professional, as opposed to being expected to get a second opinion. Moreover, the Smith case expanded the Hedley principle to third parties. However, the Hedley principle is not absolute. For instance, in Caparo Industries plc. V. Dickman4 , a company who was pursuing a takeover relied upon an auditor’s statements

Capital One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital One - Essay Example The external environment can be analyzed by using various tools like that of PEST analysis. The PEST analysis stands for Political factors, Economical factors, Social factors and Technological factors. The analysis of Capital One can be undermined as below: Political factors – The markets in which the company was operational did not have much political disturbances and therefore it could be said that the company experienced conducive political factors for its new strategy on acquisition. Economic factors – This was undoubtedly the most vital aspect for a company operating in the domain of financial services and products. The economic slowdown and the global meltdown really hampered the growth of the company. The financial performance of the company worsened on year – to – year basis even after following the strategy at an aggressive way. The faith of the general public upon the financial system was disturbed as one after the other too – big – to – fail companies became bankrupt. Social – Capital One had considerable social acceptance and that proved beneficial for the company to continue the business even in the trying times of financial slowdown. The company had taken number of efforts and initiatives that contributed towards the community development and corporate social responsibility and those have paved ways for the sustainable growth of the company. Technological factors – The company has been observed to be technologically sound and it was found that that Capital One offered best of the attributes based on the technological developments. It could be said that the research and development in the technological segment paid well as the environment is continuously changing. In spite of having an aggressive policy based upon acquisition, it could be said that Capital One Financial Corporation did not had a great year. Though the reasons were primarily external, like that of the global meltdown and economic slowdown, yet

What does true friendship require Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What does true friendship require - Essay Example Since Finny trusts Gene as his friend, he does not believe what h says concerning the fall. In ‘The Hobbit’, true friendship is helping the ones in need such as the case in the book in which Gollum helps Bilbo to escape from the tunnel (Falconer 3). True friendship means helping one another and loving the other person in any difficult situation. In the ‘Thank you M’am’ the fat woman helps the boy with 10 dollars for buying Swede shoes (Hughes 5). The act shows true friendship as Mrs. Luella shows some affection to the poor boy who tried to steal from her. In the book ‘A Separate Path, Finny cannot believe that is the best friend can cause him to fall and break his legs. Finny loves his friend so much and his ready to help him by advising him to train as an athlete (Knowles 4). In the book, The Hobbit Gollum assists Bilbo to get out of the cave, and Gandalf rescues the team when it goes underground (Falconer 3). The theme of friendship and love is evident considering the help Bilbo gets from Gollum and the rescue. In the three books, the themes of friendship and love are portrayed clearly. In conclusion, true friends love each other as demonstrated by the themes of the three stories. In the first case, the fat woman helps the boy while in the second book Finny does not believe that his true friend can betray him causing him to fall. In the Hobbit, the team gets help from Gandalf and Bilbo gets help from Gollum, which portrays a lot of love and

Power Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Power Analysis - Assignment Example The major aim of VSA is to create cultural awareness through organizing various cultural activities and events. The issue The memo analyses the power base for the vice president of public relations VSA who doubles the vice president of the VSA. The memo describes his typical use of this power base, critiques his usage of the power, and formulates a strategy to increase his power base and efficiently utilize it. The vice president’s name is Vu Hoang. Vu plans and conducts public relations programmes to create a good public image for VSA. He plans and designs the communication channel through which VSA informs the public of VSA programmes and events. Vu promotes the good image of the VSA through public initiatives such as speeches, exhibits and through questions and answers sessions. He has special skills in contacting media representatives, and in representing the president of VSA directly both before the American general public and at Texas A&M University Corpus Christi. The p urpose The memo assesses and appreciates sources of power that makes Vu Hoang such a powerful public relations vice president. The memo spots how Vu typically uses his power. The memo critiques and makes suggestions on how Vu improves in his usage of power. Interpersonal sources of power Positioned based Vu has legitimate power to change the behaviour of other people. He could use various means such as acting as a role model with good behaviour. He could also influence other people’s behaviour by the use of his authority. Through his authority, he could formulate policies regarding the required code of conduct for members of the association and require that all members of the association adhere to them. He could establish penalties to ensure that all policies are adhered to. He has the legitimate power to ensure that all messages to VSA members and the general public remain in line with VSA’s mission. Vu is directly in charge of all the student members given his positi on as the vice president of VSA. He trains and directs the work of association members. VSA members carry out VSA activities on a voluntary basis. VSA members engage in activities, such as purchase of supplies, maintenance of inventory and maintenance of VSA data base. Vu implements controls to check if activities are on course and makes corrective measures where necessary. Vu has equal reward power. He uses his reward power to encourage and motivate members who exhibit excellence in the execution of VSA’s activities. More members come forward to engage in day to day operations of the VSA. Vu processes coercive power. He uses coercive power to streamline operations of VSA. Each member has a score card which Vu filled to facilitate monthly appraisals though all members work on a voluntary basis. Excellent members are recognised and rewarded from these scorecards. VSA reminded members who portray laxity in their efforts. Vu makes recommendations on every member’s perform ance to the VSA President. VSA gives a probation period to members who fail to advance the good image of VSA. VSA applies disciplinary action on members who fail to advance the objectives of the association after the probation. Person Based Vu has expert power. He has two years’ experience working as a public relations officer in Vietnam. Vu holds a degree in journalism. He is pursuing master degree in communication at the Texas A&M University Corpus Christi. Vu is equally fluent in English and Vietnamese language.

Slip & Fall Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slip & Fall - Assignment Example Hence the defense is correctly drawn as far as the grocery store rules are concerned. The bag boy had done his duty which is important to consider in defense of the grocery store. Ann is being emotional in her response because it was her mistake in the first place and the grocery store should not pay for her lapse in concentration. Also the fact that she did not read the wet floor sign and disregarded it was her own mistake, which needs to be understood on the part of the court. Hence suing the grocery store for damages is unwarranted and does not merit a case at all. Ann should have known better where she is in the wrong and what kind of error she has committed in bringing her downfall (Biggermann, 2010). The grocery store did everything to make sure that she did not cross the barrier but putting up the wet floor sign but if she did not read it, then it is solely her own mistake and the store must not be blamed for it. Also the fact that many customers visit this grocery store on a daily basis is enough for the court to understand that a grocery store can just do so much. The customers need to be wary of the signs that are put up at such places and find out where they are going wrong or committing mistakes. This will put them at ease as far as slipping and falling down dynamics are concerned. It is important that the court considers the defense of the grocery store management as well before reaching on to a decision. The facts are there for the court to see and analyze, and now it is the responsibility of the honorable court to reach a decision which is based on impartiality and fairness. Ann must have known she is not following the proper rules and procedures within the grocery store and this is one aspect that should not have lingered on to such proportions. However, this unfortunate event took place much to the agony

Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Managerial Economics - Essay Example The major objectives of introducing incentive systems in an organisation are to provide better control over the management as well as to inspire employees to perform operations in a desired manner. Moreover, incentive systems also facilitate in better recruitment as well as management of workforce. Employees of an organisation are provided with various incentive schemes by the organisations that include monetary as well as non-monetary incentives (Magnusson & Nyrenius, 2011). In the financial or banking sector, it has been apparently observed that incentive or compensation system has acquired an important place for the development of these sectors. Moreover, in the financial sectors, employees are required to take extreme risks for acquiring a better compensation schemes. The salaries of employees in these financial sectors have been identified to be low and thus they are offered with more cash bonus facilities through incentive or compensation schemes. The major purpose of this comp ensation system is to motivate employees to take excessive risks in the form of asymmetric rewards as well as penalty system (Murphy, 2009). This discussion intends to analyse the principal-agent theory (PAT) in order to identify the issue of incentive system design in relation to financial sectors. Moreover, the key requirements that an optimal incentive system should possibly meet and the application of the aforementioned theory to the financial sector in order to come up with an efficient compensation contract for bank CEOs will also be portrayed in the discussion. A Brief Study of Principal-Agent Theory (PAT) The significant aspect of PAT principally determines the association between a principal and an agent. The interrelation that exists between principal as well as agent is featured with conflict of objective as well as through asymmetries of information. PAT usually considers the affiliation between principals as well as agents through varied viewpoints as well as interests. Principals are the individuals who are considered to possess certain formal authority as well as are committed to fulfil organisational targets. Moreover, principals are provided with efficient time resources as well as expertises in order to perform business operations in a proficient manner. Whereas, agents are the individuals who are considered to possess specific objectives as well as expertises for conducting business operations in accordance with determined goals of organisations (Smart, 2010). The PAT is mainly formulated in mathematical format that has been recognised to be quite complicated as well as composite. In PAT, when a principal is able to observe the extent of effort made by an agent to perform a work, then the principal is required to provide the agent with a forcing contract. In accordance with forcing contract, the principal is obliged to pay the agent a certain amount of money for performing activities on a specific extent of effort. In case, if the agent is u nable to perform activities at an expected extent of effort, then he or she will not be paid. These are certain incentive policies that are based upon symmetrical information (Bolton & et.al., 2005). The PAT considers certain imperative factors that

Article Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Report - Essay Example The sequential, evolutionary aspect of experiences over time attaches the notion of a "moving perspective" on careers. Thus, not only does it transcend organizational dynamics in the new economic, technological and social realms, but goes beyond systemic boundaries. As it is, therefore, a person’s career is a key life constituency evolving around work and time. Apart from the provision of income, work offers a sense of purpose, challenge and self-fulfillment. It is a source of interactive life challenges via social networking that often powers on creativity with a sense of identity as an end result. Quite simply, career is a life journey with either the choice of a beaten path or another to navigate (Baruch, 2004). Andolsen’s article entitled â€Å"Six Steps to Your Successful Career Path† is an informative career guide that engenders navigation principles of self-assessment, decision making and life planning towards a successful career path for RIM professionals . Notably, the multifaceted approach of the modern career training is pushing the employer to the periphery out of the mainstream control of employee-skills (Baruch, 2003). The circumstantial phenomenon leaves â€Å"expertise† as the most treasured and sought-after strategic resource by the employer (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 2002; Andolsen, 2008). With a background of â€Å"a dusty filing system†, the scarcity of the prized resource has informed a structured career path for RIM practitioners aimed at attaining relevance in an era of a digitized managerial control. In a bid to start off RIM practitioners towards the foregoing painstaking journey, Andolsen provides a useful six-step career planning framework fully fitted with self-evaluative mechanisms for a dynamic career prospects (Andolsen, 2008). Six Steps to a Successful Career Path Self-Assessment Career is essentially a vehicle for the realization of the self. More accurately, it is a vehicle through which the individu al begins a constructive conception of the self in the sense of the world (Adamson, 1997). It is no wonder, therefore, that the interrogation of the self begins Andolsen’s six-step career planning framework for the actualization of a successful career in the field of Records and Information Management (RIM) (Andolsen, 2008). Accordingly, understanding oneself entails a thorough dissection of the inner strengths and weaknesses, which includes but is not limited to personality and attitudes, skills and achievements, knowledge and learning style, values, interests and entrepreneurism. Essentially, this crucial step lays bare the physical, emotional, intellectual, motivational characteristics that define the individual and personality. Occupational Research The above mentioned traits have a direct relationship with an individual’s work competencies. It is, therefore, imperative for personal, career interests and skills profile to have a matching relationship with positions available in the job market (Andolsen, 2008). Notably, such positions surface and disappear with the trending economic and technological shifts. Thus, to prevent false starts, career seekers should remain realistic in their career pursuits by updating their jobs skills through a fast, hands-on approach to valuable information. From simple web search to job shadowing, aggressiveness may prove a valuable resource in investigating options available in line with the personal traits. Decision

Existentialism Is a Humanism Essay Example for Free

Existentialism Is a Humanism Essay My purpose here is to defend existentialism against several reproaches that have been laid against it. Existentialism has been criticised for inviting people to remain in a quietism of despair, to fall back into a the middle-class luxury of a merely contemplative philosophy. We are reproached for underlining human nastiness, and forgetting, as the Catholic Mme. Mercier has it, the smile of the child. All and sundry reproach us for treating men as isolated beings, largely because we begin with the I think of Descartes. Christians especially reproach us for denying the reality and seriousness of human society, since, if we ignore Gods eternal values, no-one is able to condemn anyone else. Existentialism is being seen as ugliness; our appeal to nature as scandalous, our writings sickening. Yet what could be more disillusioning than repeating those mottoes like dont fight against tradition, or know your station? They say that man is base and doomed to fall, he needs fixed rules to keep him from anarchy. In the end, is not what makes our doctrine so fearful to some merely the fact that it leaves all possibility of choice with man? It has become fashionable to call this painter, or musician or columnist an existentialist a term so loosely applied that it no longer means anything at all. However, it can be defined easily. Existentialists are either Christian, such as the Catholics Jaspers and Gabriel Marcel, or atheists like Heidegger and myself. What they have in common is to believe that existence comes before essence, that we always begin from the subjective. What does this mean? If one considers a manufactured object, say a book or a paper-knife, one sees that it has been made to serve a definite purpose. It has an essence, the sum of its purpose and qualities, which precedes its existence. The concept of man in the mind of God is comparable to the concept of paper-knife in the mind of the artisan. My atheist existentialism is rather more coherent. It declares that God does not exist, yet there is still a being in whom existence precedes essence, a being which exists before being defined by any concept, and this being is man or, as Heidegger puts it, human reality. That means that man first exists, encounters himself and emerges in the world, to be defined 1 Squashed version edited by Glyn Hughes: http://www. btinternet. com/~glynhughes/squashed/sartre. htm 1 afterwards. Thus, there is no human nature, since there is no God to conceive it. It is man who conceives himself, who propels himself towards existence. Man becomes nothing other than what is actually done, not what he will want to be. And when we say that man takes responsibility for himself, we say more than that he is in his choices responsible for all men. All our acts of creating ourselves create at the same time an image of man such as we believe he must be. Thus, our personal responsibility is vast, because it engages all humanity. If I want, say, to marry and have children, such choice may depend on my situation, my passion, my desire, but by it I engage not only myself, but all humanity in the way of the monogamy. In fashioning myself, I fashion man. This helps us to understand some rather grandiloquent words like anguish, abandonment, despair. The existentialist declares that man is in anguish, meaning that he who chooses cannot escape a deep responsibility for all humanity. Admittedly, few people appear to be anxious; but we claim that they mask their anguish, that they flee it. This is what Kierkegaard called the anguish of Abraham. You know the old story: An angel commanded Abraham to sacrifice his son. But anyone in such a case would wonder straight away, is this an angel? am I the Abraham? If we hear voices from the sky, what proves that they come not from hell, or the subconscious, or some pathological state? Who proves that they are addressed to me? Each man must say to himself: am I right to set the standard for all humanity? To deny that is to mask the anguish. When, for example, a military leader sends men to their deaths, he may have his orders, but at the bottom it is he alone who chooses. And when we speak about abandonment, we want to say that God does not exist, and that it is necessary to follow this conclusion to its end. The existentialist is strongly against that sloppy morality which tries to remove God without ethical expense, like the French professors of the 1880s who saw God as a useless and expensive assumption but still wanted definitive rules like do not lie to exist a priori. The existentialist, on the contrary, finds it rather embarrassing that God does not exist, for there disappears with him any possibility of finding values in a heaven. Dostoevsky wrote If God did not exist, everything would be permitted; that is the starting point of existentialism. We are alone, without excuses. That is what I mean when I say that man is condemned to be free. There is no power of beautiful passions which propel men to their actions, we think, rather, that man is responsible for his own passions. The existentialist cannot accept that man can be helped by any sign on earth, for he will 2 interpret the sign as he chooses. As Ponge has truly written Man is the future of man. To give you an example of this abandonment, I will quote the case of one of my pupils who came to me. He lived alone with his mother, his father having gone off as a collaborator and his brother killed in 1940. He had a choice to go and fight with the Free French to avenge his brother and protect his nation, or to stay and be his mothers only consolation. So he was confronted by two modes of action; one concrete and immediate but directed only towards one single individual; the other addressed to an infinitely greater end but very ambiguous. What would help him choose? Christian doctrine? Accepted morals? Kant? I said to him, In the end, it is your feelings which count. But how can we put a value on a feeling? At least, you may say, he sought the counsel of a professor. But, if you seek advice, from a priest for example, in choosing which priest you know already, more or less, what they would advise. When I was imprisoned, I met a rather remarkable man, a Jesuit who had joined that order in the following way: As a child, his father had died leaving him in poverty. At school he was made to feel that he was accepted only for charitys sake and denied the usual pleasures. At eighteen he came to grief in a sentimental affair and then failed his military examinations. He could regard himself as a total failure, but, cleverly, took it as a sign that the religious life was the way for him. He saw the word of God there, but who can doubt that the decision was his and his alone? He could as easily have chosen to be a carpenter or a revolutionary. As for despair, this simply means that we will restrict ourselves to relying only on our own will, or on the probabilities which make our action possible. If I am counting on the arrival of a friend, I presuppose that their train will be on time. But I am still among possibilities, outside my own field of action. No God, no intention, is going to alter the world to my will. In the end, Descartes meant the same, that we must act without hope. Marxists have answered Your action is limited by your death, but you can rely on others to later take up your deeds and carry them forward to the revolution. To this I rejoin that I cannot know where the revolution will lead. Others may come and establish Fascism. Does that mean that I must give up myself to quietism? No! Quietism is the attitude of people who say: let others do what I cannot do. The doctrine that I present is precisely the opposite: there is reality only in the action; and more, man is nothing other than his own project and exists only in as far as he carries it out. From this we see why our ideas so often cause horror. Many people have but one resource to sustain them in their misery; to think, circumstances were against me, I was worthy of better. I had no great love because I never met anyone worthy of me. I wrote no great book because I 3 had no time. I am filled with a crowd of possibilities greater than anyone could guess from my few achievements. But in reality, for the existentialist, there is no love other than that which is built, no artistic genius other than in works of art. The genius of Proust is the works of Proust. A man engages in his own life, draws his own portrait, there is nothing more. This is hard for somebody who has not made a success of life. But it is only reality that counts, not dreams, expectations or hopes. What people reproach us for here is not our pessimism, but the sternness of our optimism. If people reproach our writings, it is not because we describe humanity as frail and sometimes frankly bad, but because, unlike Zola whose characters are shown to be products of heredity or environment, you cannot say of ours That is what we are like, no one can do anything about it. The existentialist portrays a coward as one who makes himself a coward by his actions, a hero who makes himself heroic. Some still reproach us for confining man within his individual subjectivity. But there is no other starting-point than the I think, I am the absolute truth of consciousness, a simple truth within reach of everyone and the only theory which gives man the dignity of not being a mere object. All materialisms treat men as objects, no different in their being bundles of determined reactions than a table or a chair or a stone. We want to constitute a human kingdom of values distinct from the material world. Contrary to the philosophy of Descartes, contrary to the philosophy of Kant, we are discovering in the cogito not just ourselves but all others. We discover an intersubjective world where each man has to decide what he is and what others are. It is not possible to find in each man the universal essence called human nature, but there is a human universality of condition. Any purpose, even that of the Chinese, or the idiot or the child can be understood by a European, given enough information. In this sense, there is a universality of man; but it is not a given, it is something perpetually re-built. That does not entirely refute the charge of subjectivism. People tax us with anarchy; they say that you cannot judge others, because you have no reason to prefer one project to another. You give with one hand what you pretend to receive from the other. Let us say that moral choice is comparable to a work of art. Do we reproach the artist who makes a painting without starting from laid-down rules? Did we tell him what he must paint? There is no pre-defined picture, and no-none can say what the painting of tomorrow should be; one can judge only one at a time. 4 Amongst morals, the creative situation is the same, and just as the works of, say, Picasso, have consequences, so do our moral judgements. That student who came to me could not appeal to any system for guidance; he was obliged to invent the law for himself. We define man only through his engagement, so it is absurd to reproach us for the consequences of a choice. But it is not entirely true that we cannot judge others. We can judge whether choices are founded on truth or error, and we can judge a mans sincerity. The man who hides behind the excuse of his passions or of some deterministic doctrine, is a self-deceiver. And what if I wish to deceive myself? there is no reason why you should not, but I declare publicly that you are doing so. We will freedom for the sake of freedom. And through it we discover that our freedom depends entirely on the freedom of others, and that their freedom depends on ours. Those who hide their freedom behind deterministic excuses, I will call cowards. Those who pretend that their own existence was necessary, I will call scum. To the objection that You receive with one hand what you give with the other, that is, your values are not serious, since you choose them, I answer that, I am sorry, but having removed God the Father, one needs somebody to invent values. Things have to be taken as they are. One has reproached me ridiculing a type of humanism in Nausea, and now suggesting that existentialism is a form of humanism. The absurd type of humanism is to glory in Man the magnificent ascribing to all men the value of the deeds of the most distinguished men. Only a dog or a horse would be in a position to declare such a judgement. We cannot, either, fall into worshipping humanity, for that way leads to Fascism. But there is another humanism, the acceptance that there is only one universe, the universe of human subjectivity. Existentialism is not despair. It declares rather that even if God did exist, it would make no difference. 5.

Monsanto Attempts To Balances Stakeholder Interests Environmental Sciences Essay

Monsanto Attempts To Balances Stakeholder Interests Environmental Sciences Essay The Monsanto Company is the worlds largest seed, with sales of over 10.5 billion. It specializes in biotechnology, or the genetic manipulation of organisms. T he worlds 90 percent of the seeds today are sold by Monsanto or by companies that use Monsanto genes. Monsanto also holds 70-100 percent market share on certain crops. Yet Monsanto has to meet its share of criticism from sources as diverse as government, farmers, activists, and advocacy groups.  There have been allegations of intimidating farmers, using hostile tactics to monopolize the market, false advertising, and producing large-scale international pollution.   In addition, they manufactured Agent Orange for the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. Farmers who buy seeds from Monsanto could not save for future plant. Otherwise, Farmers will have to pay for Monsanto when they find out. Furthermore, Monsanto produced products that involved in the risk of animals and human health. Some of Monsantos actions should considered moral temptation. The moral and safety implications of GM food are of great concern to many stakeholders. Many sceptics see biotech crops as unnatural, with the Monsanto scientist essentially playing God by controlling what goes into the seed. The other concern is toxicity, particularly considering that many Monsanto seed are equipped with a gene to allow them to produce their own Roundup Ready herbicides. Some stakeholders are concerned about the detrimental effects on the consumers by ingesting such herbicides, even in small amount. In addition to concerns over the safety of GM seeds and environmental issues, Monsanto has had to deal with concerns about organizational conduct. Organisations face significant risks from strategies and also from employees and also from employees striving for high performance standards. Such pressure sometimes encourages employees to engage in illegal or unethical conduct. All firms have these concerns, and in the case of Monsanto bribes and patents have resulted in leg al, ethical and reputational consequences. When Hugh Grant took over the CEO of the Monsanto Company in 2003, scandals and stakeholders uncertainty over Monsantos GM product had marked the companys reputation. The price of Monsantos stock had fallen by almost 50 percent, down to $8 a share. There was a loss of $1.7 billion the previous year. Grant knew the company was delicate; yet through a strategic focus on GM foods, the company has recovered and is now prospering. Monsanto is trying to expose itself as a socially responsible company dedicated to improving agriculture. The insights from Monsanto critics about biotech food have not yet come true, but that has not eradicated fears of stakeholder. The company used the concept of Social Responsibility and Business Ethics to create a reputation value to various stakeholders. For instance, in 1974 the Monsanto Company established the Monsanto Fund. This fund contributed $30.2 million to projects across the world between 2008 and 2009. One receipts of the Monsanto Fund was Africare, which received a $400,000 grant from Monsanto to fund a two-year food security project to study the availability of food and the access people have the food. Monsanto also supported the youth programs. Monsanto gave fifteen million dollars to Donald Dan forth Plant Science Centre to do crop research in Africa. Also, the fund helped Brazilian children to maintain good health and basic hygiene. Additionally, Monsanto support ed students who want to study agriculture. However, Monsanto Companys regulation had become financial burden to many farmers. In fact, Corporate Responsibility Magazine ranked Monsanto number 31 on its 100 Best Corporate Citizens list of 2010, a jump from number 88 the previous year. Compare the benefits of growing GM seeds for crops with the potential negative Consequences of using them. Monsanto has a sale equivalent to $10.5 billion in sales to biotechnology, specifically to its sales of genetically modified (GM) plant seeds. These seeds have revolutionized the agriculture industry. The GM seeds introduced to the United States and across the globe since 1990, many farmers stopped complaining disappointment of crops. This had helped farmers spent little expenses, but gain as triple profits. Farmers using GM seeds highly praised the existence of Monsanto Company, because with the same acre of land, they are able to double the crops. Thus, as far as the farmers are making profits, they will continue buying the GM Seeds. For this reason, there is a major concerned for consumer that the GM seeds could affect human and animals health for using it. Genetically modified (GM) crops are not without their critics. Opponents believe that influencing the gene pools of the plants could result in negative health consequences. Whereas others are worried about the health effects on beneficial insects and plants, fearing that pollinating GM plants could affect nearby insects and non-GM plants. Huge Grant was able to reduce some of the opposition by deciding to curtail the tide of criticism by focusing biotechnology on products that would not be directly placed on the dinner plate, but instead on seeds that produce goods like animal feed and corn syrup. Farmers who purchase GM seeds can now grow more crops on less land and with less left chance. GM seeds have saved farmers billions by preventing loss and increasing crop yield. Monsanto predicts higher yields in the future, possibly up to 300 bushels an acre by 2030. As agricultural productivity increases, farmers are able to produce more food feed fuel and fibre on the same amount of land, helping to ensure that agriculture can meet humanitys needs in the future, said Monsanto CEO Hugh Grant about the benefits of Monsanto technology. The revenues of the farmers in the developing countries have increased as a result of higher yield. According to statistics, the cotton yield of Indian farmers rose by 50 percent, doubling their income in one year. The income level in the Philippines has raised above the poverty line because of the insect-protected corn. At the mean time critics argue that these numbers are inflated; they say the cost of GM seed is dramatically higher than that of tradi tional seeds, and therefore they actually reduce farmers net profit. As well as GM crops being relatively new, critics maintain that the health implication of biotech food may not be known in near future. They also contend that the effective standards have not been created to determine the safety of biotech crops. Even the FDA clarified that biotech crops are safe to use, but critics doubt about the short-term period of GM seeds which unable to determine the long-term effects.   According to some studies, the Roundup herbicide, which is used in conjunction with the GM seeds Called Roundup Ready, can be harmful to animals, insects and particularly amphibians. Such studies have revealed that small concentrations of Roundup may be deadly to tadpoles, which is a major concern, as frog and toad species are rapidly disappearing around the globe. Other studies suggest that Roundup might have a detrimental effect on human cells, especially embryonic, umbilical and placental cells.The other potential negative consequences of GM seeds in general is the threat of environmental contamination. Sometimes the crops seeds are carried away to fields containing non-GM crops by wind, bees and other insects to other areas. These seeds and pollens might then mix in with the farmers crops. Organic farmers are complaining that genetically modified seeds from nearby farms have contaminated their crops. Monsanto Crops are resistance to pesticides and herbicide. That is another envir onmental problems which gives fear to the critics that continual use of the chemicals could result in super weed and super bugs, much as overuse of antibiotics in humans has resulted in drug resistance bacteria. AS early as 2003, significant numbers of Roundup resistant weeds had been found in the United States and Australia. . How should Monsanto manage the potential harm to plant and animal life from using products such as Roundup? Monsanto Co. Should change its advertising for glyphosate- based products, including Roundup, that are misleading. The advertising inaccurately portrayed Monsantos glyphosate-containing products as safe and as not causing any harmful effects to people or the environment. According to the state, the ads also implied that the risks of products such as Roundup are the same as those of the active ingredient, glyphosate, and do not take into account the possible risks associated with the products inert ingredients. According to an ecology center fact sheet, glyphosate exposure is the third most common only reported illness among California agriculture workers, and glyphosate residues can last for a year. In the first nine months of 1996, Monsantos worldwide agrochemical sales increased by 21% to US$2.48 billion, due largely to increased sales of Roundup There is a great deal of controversy surrounding Monsanto and their Roundup Ready products. Many environmentalists are concerned that Monsanto is not being responsible enough about their products. The United States Government and Monsanto are both viewed as being too careless in their regulation of genetically engineered crops. The government should Many farmers have begun to use Roundup Ready crops. A recent study suggests that farmers have becoming so reliant on Roundup as a herbicide that they may be weakening Roundups ability to control weeds. Monsanto, manufacturer of Roundup, funded the study. Few farmers consider resistance an issue until it affects them directly. Farmers are now being encouraged to use multiple herbicides. It is unclear how this will impact the use of Roundup Ready crops, as these crops are only resistant to Roundup. A recent study has found that genetically modified food is linked to organ damage in rats.   The  study published in the International Journal of Biological Sciences found that genetically modified corn produced by Monsanto induce a state of hepatorenal toxicity. The company manufactured an alfalfa resistant to the Monsanto produced  Roundup  herbicide.   Bees will pollinate the genetically modified alfalfa and then cross pollinate it with organic crops adding the genetic modification to the organic alfalfa.   Organic farmers will then lose their USDA organic certifications.   Since Monsanto also has a patent on the genetic modification, the company can sue any farmer for stealing their property, and they do. Although the study only indicated that genetically modified corn was linked to organ damage, this is the first study to link genetically modified food to toxic reactions.   Further studies may indicate other genetic modified food may have an impact on human healt h.   Considering alfalfa is a main source of cattle feed and the genetic modification has a potential to spread quickly and dominate the alfalfa market, if the genetically modified alfalfa is hazardous to human health, the Supreme Court decision may be fundamental to public health.

Free Essays On Shakespeares Sonnet Sonnet 107 :: Sonnet essays

Analysis of Sonnet 107 Not mine own fears, nor the prophetic soul Of the wide world dreaming on things to come Can yet the lease of my true love control, Suppos'd as forfeit to a condin'd doom. The mortal moon hath her eclipse endur'd, And the sad augurs mock their own presage; Incertainties now crown themselves assur's, nd peace proclaims olives of endless age. Now with the drops of this most balmy time My love looks fresh; and Death to me subscribes, Since spite of him I'll lime in this poor rhyme While he insults o'er dull and speechless tribes: And thou in this shalt find thy monument When tyrants' crests and tombs of brass are spent. This has been an important sonnet in trying to date the sonnets. Several words and phrases have prompted readers to ponder on the year it was written, ranging from 1588 to 1603. The main areas of concentration rely on the following: 1) the "eclipse" of the "mortal moon," in line 5; 2)who the "sad augurs" are and their "presage," in line 6; 3) allusion in lines 7 and 8, and if "confin'd doom" is in refernce to a certain event and which event that is. Of these, the most supported responses to 1 are: the Spanish Armada, 1588 (Butler, Hotson); the Queen's Grand Climacteric , 1595-6 (Harrison); the Queen's illness in 1599-1600 (Chambers); Essex's rebellion in 1601 (Tyler); the Queen's death in 1603 (eg. Massey, Minto, Lee, Beeching); a lunar eclipse, 1595 (O.F. Emerson); or an eclipse of the Queen's favour (Conrad). Answers to the second problem relate closely with the first, that is, with the addition of a fear of civil war as a result of Elizabeth's death and also the usual forecasts of political (and other) disasters that were forecasted from the eclipse. The third problem cites the confidence seen in lines 7 and 8,a dn therefore the overshoot of the proclaimed disasters. The fourth seems to refer to the imprisonment of some specific individual, eg. Southampton, who was released after James I accession to the throne. 1-4: 'Neither my own fears nor the foreshadowing of worldly disasters can control the extent of my only love, supposing [invented by fears] that it is a "confin'd doom." Lines 4 and 5 evoke a sense of death, saying that all will eventually die, and reading line 6 with stresses on "augurs" and "own" gives the sense that the prognosticators jeer their own predictions due to time being so joyous.

POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION :: essays research papers

Population redistributions based on ethnicity have defused intense rivalries in the recent past, and could be a solution to the internal ethnic crises for nations such as the former Yugoslavia. Currently described by the media as "ethnic cleansing", Population redistributions have been the focus of much controversy throughout U.S. and world history. To those affected, Population redistributions can be economically and emotionally devastating. It can also lead to enormous tragedies causing thousands of deaths when conducted in a brutal manner. The results of various population redistributions are examined throughout this paper with the focus on the Japanese Internment camps in the U.S. and the current crises in the former Yugoslavia. There are examples of population transfers that have taken place in the twentieth century. In 1923, Greece and Turkey signed the Treaty of Lausanne. The two rival nations agreed to expel 150,000 Greeks living in Turkey, and 388,000 Turks living in Greece back to their ethnic homelands. Except in Cyprus where the populations remained mixed. Turkey and Greece have not taken up arms against each other again. After World War II eight million people of German ethnicity were expelled from their native communities in Poland and throughout Eastern Europe, due to agreements made by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference. Hundreds of thousands of Germans died or were killed during the transfer due to the brutal manner in which it was carried out. Due to the lack of diversity and conflicting cultures the long-term results of the population transfer have ended internal ethnic problems in Poland since then. Israel expelled their own settlers from occupied land (which is currently the new Palestinia n nation) in order to bring about a lasting peace between the two former rivals. After bombing Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941, 120,000 Japanese and Japanese-Americans living in Oregon, Washington, California, and Arizona were relocated. They were forced from their homes and put in internment camps for their protection from the rage of the American people and for the sake of national security. Japanese-American internment camps like all issues involving race or war, raises the question of whether or not it was legal and ethical to force Japanese-Americans to move homes and livelihoods in early WWII. It is a difficult and controversial problem. When the decision to relocate thousands of Japanese-Americans was made; the actions were considered to be constitutionally legal and seen by many as necessary.

Submarines :: essays research papers

The History of Submarines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the year 2000, the American submarine force will celebrate the first century of service by highly skilled people in some of the most technologically advanced vessels ever built. The past 100 years have witnessed the evolution of a force that mastered submersible warfare, introduced nuclear propulsion to create the true submarine, and for decades patrolled the deep ocean front line; the hottest part of an otherwise Cold War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Submarines in War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.S. Navy’s involvement with the submarine dates form 1888 when the Bureau of Construction and Repair (BUC&R) sponsored a design competition that brought John Holland a naval contract to build the experimental Plunger. As the new century dawned, prominent American naval leaders like Admiral George Dewey called the submarine a real threat to international surface forces, leading the Navy to acquire its first submarine in 1900. Overcoming competition from fellow American inventor, Simon Lake, Holland sold his newest model, Holland VI, to the Navy for $160,000 on April 11. This 64-ton submarine commissioned as USS Holland, or SS-1, on October 12 of the same year, was equipped with an Otto-type gasoline engine for surface running and electric motors for submerged operations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due to the volatility of gasoline, American submersible designs soon followed the French practice, adopting the diesel engine in 1909 with the Electric Boat Company’s F class (SS-20 through 23), built at Union Iron Works in San Francisco. Combining the influence of diesel propulsion with the submersible designs of Holland and Lake, American submersibles took a familiar configuration through American entry into the Great War. Submarines of the E, H, K, L, M, N, O, and R classes and ranged in displacement form 287 to 510 tons, with the fastest boats displaying a top surface speed of barely 14 knots on diesel power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During World War I the U.S. Navy separated these submersibles into two groups according to mission. â€Å"Boats† of the N and O classes, as well as some of the E type, patrolled American coasts and harbors following a defensive strategy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other submarines drew assignments that sent them to hostile European waters after 1917. Some K-, L-, O-, and E-class boats conducted offensive, open-sea operations from the Azores and Bantry Bay in Ireland. They supported the Allied effort to maintain open sea lanes along the European coast and in the approaches to the British Isles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nay Department’s plans for these vessels reflected the prevailing surface warfare thinking, which perceived the submersible as a type of destroyer or torpedo boat that should operate with the battle fleet.

Urbanization as a Social Problem

How is urbanization negatively effecting our society The answer to this question is not a simple one. This essay will not only break down the problems of urbanization in the United States, but it will also tell you some of the attempts made to fix the problem and give some solutions as to how it could possibly be solved in the future. Also when answering this question one must understand that urbanization, can not be stopped, but only contained in a manner that will help the United States to function better as a country. The more densely populated and more heterogeneous a community is, the more accentuated characteristics can be associated with urbanism. Urbanism causes decrease in per capita, and promotes urban violence, political instability, crime and aggressive behavior. Rapid population growth in urban areas also perpetuates poverty. Another major issue being created by this social problem is the breaking of the traditional family structure. Our cities are not working well! Sanitation, safety, transportation, housing, education and even electricity are failing. These are all responsibilities of the government or it is at least their job to regulate these services deemed to be monopolies. And it is a known fact that monopolies deem toward inefficiency. Functionalist look at our cities as a means to profit. Cities are a place where everybody visits, and therefor vendors can raise their prices and profit more on their products. For example, from my own personal experience, I bought a pack of cigarettes for $3. 00 at my local gas station, and when I visited inner city Orlando, I bought the same brand of cigarettes for $4.0 . This is just a minor example, and most of the residents in an urban area are in poverty and have trouble affording the $3. 00 pack if they smoke much less adding a dollar to the already ridiculous cost. In the United States, the breaking of the traditional family structure is an issue that has become increasingly noticeable in recent years, particularly in urbanized areas. The traditional, mom and dad, and children are rarely seen in the inner cities any more. There is a weakened bond of kinship, and declining social family significance as America has transferred industrial, educational and recreational activities to specialized institutions outside of the home. It is depriving families of their most characteristic, historical functions. While individuals pursue their own diverging interests in their educational, vocational, religious and recreational life. With divorce rates rising, delinquency is also becoming more of a problem than before. With single parent families, children lack in the authority department due to the lack of the amount of time their parents have free to raise them. These specialized institutions often help, but can not replace the role of a child s guardian. As long as the divorce rate continues to increase, delinquency will continue to increase in these areas as well. The density of people reinforces effect of numbers in diversifying people and their activities and increasing the complexity of the social structure. The variations of people give rise to segregation of people by race, religious practices, ethnic heritage, as well as economic and social status. Segregation often creates much tension and prejudice between social groups. This can cause physical or mental damage to individuals or society, which means that sometimes people may permanently suffer before any action is taken to solve the problem because the delay in action is most often the result of people underestimating the problems. As for racism and segregation, there is not much that can be done to fix these problems. Individuals will always have their own opinions no matter how ignorant, and the only thing we can do is to hope that these problems die out as we desegregate our communities. People will choose their destination or place of residence according to many different ideals and needs, for example what fits their budget. Political pathology and population growth is closely related because of the population change and this change carries with it a high likelihood of social disruption. Government assumes major responsibility for development attempting to meet rapidly increasing demands for education, housing, agriculture and industrial development, transportation and employment. The government s budget is not distributed equally mainly due to differentiation in areas. Areas with higher income will have higher income and therefor will obviously have a higher budget to work with. Urban areas are usually lacking in the financial department. Therefor they are not able to repair all the problems in which need to be fixed in these areas, such as sanitation, education and many other categories. America has hired approximately fifty percent more teachers in the last few years than have been hired in the past, but the increase in population keeps the classrooms just as large. The effort does not meet the need; thus the problem remains as strong as ever. Due to the overpopulation in urban areas and the lack of employment opportunity, the crime rate is also a huge problem in which they are faced with. Also the lack of the traditional family structure and weakened bonds of kinship weaken the moral of the children growing up in the urban areas. These children grow up in poverty and usually look at crime as a quick and easy way out. The problems in urban areas are far more, than can be handled in any short term efforts. We can only hope to contain them, and attempt to make sure that no more problems arise from the already existing ones.

In My Fathers Den Essay

In my Fathers Den, a brilliant example of subjective filmmaking and credit should be given to the director Brad McGann for successfully developing a character who takes a journey through regression. McGann uses a series of flashbacks for Paul to revisit the traumatic past and then back to the obscure present to deal with the outcome of his memories. Brad McGann develops the character Paul, as a man who is lonely and isolated yet mystifying and secretive. He blocks out his emotions completely which makes the audience intrigued to find out what has happened in his past that has made him the enclosed character he is today. The story includes themes found familiar to many New Zealand films, dark family secrets, small-town claustrophobia, the lure of the outside world. â€Å"It’s not so much a whodunit† said McGann, â€Å"but a whydunit†. The film is as much about tone as plot, eloquently describing a world of emotionally damaged characters isolated from each other in stark landscapes. The theme of escapism is consistently grabbing the audiences attention throughout McGann releases details sparingly, constructing his film as a kind of puzzle assembled from pieces of the past and present, with Prior’s attempts to forget his younger days. His use of camera movement adds new information, as flashbacks play a large role in this film. McGanns ability to stitch material together is significant as he doesn’t signal the shift between time periods heavy-handedly, and yet its always clear what is happening and how each new snippet of information contributes to the complex. McGanns use of cinematography is a great example of successful director skills. The use of camera angles and lighting effeteness on the film help create a mood to demand the audiences attention to discover the true identity of each character. McGanns panning of the den, prepares the audience with a flashback, and as a small boy (Paul) with his father the lighting of warmth is portrayed with the effeteness of connection and close feeling with the young boy and his father. Celia’s grief as she console’s Paul for the truth, the warmth of the fire light against Paul’s face makes the audience devoted to feel sorry for him and feel his pain. McGanns successful use of director skills impacts the audiences views on the film â€Å"In my Fathers Den†. This film is carefully crafted, as it is a dialogue for ironic social comment and characters.

A Response to Historians in Cahoot by Tristram Hunt Essay

Political speeches are of course meticulously designed not to sound like, well, a political speech. Tristam Hunt had seen through the design of President George W. Bush’s inaugural speech in 2005. In Hunt’s article, â€Å"Historians in Cahoot†, he pointed out the heavy use of the term â€Å"history.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   President Bush had repeatedly mentioned historic events that range from the formulation of the declaration of independence to the tragic 911 attacks. Hunt’s article is seemingly arguing that history could be used as a political tool. People are attracted to history. It could be nostalgia, or it could just be that history is always presented in a packaged form—a packaged form in a sense that the past events are already modified and consequently stripped of the other details. Moreover, history is often accused of being biased.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the article had actually started, there was a suggestion for reading that suggests that there is a distinction between history as â€Å"inspiration† and history as â€Å"instruction.† Aside from the fact that the suggestion for reading had served its purpose as a guide, it leads the readers to a profound realization about history. There is a hint in Hunt’s article that the Bush administration would pattern its style of governance according to what had already transpired in history—a style of governance which is likely to be leaning to only a small portion of the society.

Consumer behaviour theory

In the current state of understanding consumer behaviour attitudes are core concept in gaining knowledge of people’s personalities, behaviour and choices they make. In other words answering the question – â€Å"Why do people do what they do? † Along with beliefs and identity they are main factor impacting on individual’s life since everyday choices are made embracing a certain attitude. Unless marketers try to define and pay attention to the psychological need which is encountered by the holding of an attitude they are in a poor position to predict when and how it will change.  (Daniel Katz, 1960)This essay will specify the factors and psychological processes that influence people’s needs and their perceptions of various products. Furthermore it will describe how marketers can apply the Functional Theory of Attitudes to understand and influence consumers’ attitudes and buying behaviour. According to Arnould (2004)†An attitude is a per son’s overall, enduring evaluation of a concept or object, such as a person, a brand or a service† Attitude formation could happen in different ways and it is continual process which is influenced throughout an individual’s lifetime.Some of the influences are internal such as values and beliefs but many of these influences are external, such as family, school, religion, work, peers and, to an increasing extent, the media. The views for companies are based on associations that they have linked them. The Functional theory of attitudes explains consumers’ reasons for holding or changing their attitudes. Daniel Katz (1960) distinguished four functions differing in what roles they perform for the individual.â€Å"According to functional theory, people form attitudes in order to organize, structure and summarize large amounts of information about an object (Grewal et al. 2004)† (Argyriou, E. , & Melewar, T. C. , 2011, pp. 433) The functional theory highli ghts the idea that attitude change occurs when message and motive match (Katz 1960) and suggests that an individual's attitude toward an object is largely determined by what â€Å"function† an attitude serves for the individual.The first attitude function – the utilitarian is expressed in achieving desired needs, consumers stay away from brands which are unlikely  to fulfil their needs. Utilitarian appeal contains informing consumers of one or more key benefits that are perceived to be highly functional or important to aimed consumers. The term â€Å"utilitarian advertising appeal†, is a creative approach that highlights the functional features of a product or a brand. The basic principle is the one of â€Å"expected reward† and a lot of the commercials use this function in order to focus on the product performance attributes or its benefits. For example, most of the automobile advertisings are emphasising on the utilitarian features and characteristics .Place satisfaction is the â€Å"utilitarian value (of a place) to meet certain basic needs† (Guest & Lee, 1983, p. 234) These needs range from sociability to public services to and the perceived quality of, facilities, or visual appearance (Stedman, 2002,pp. 564) The ego-defensive function in which the individuals protects themselves from getting to know truths about internal feelings or the threats of the external world in order to protect their ego and self-image. (Katz, D. , 1960) Nowadays consumers want to be associated with a particular brand or product.This comes from the fact that they want to build up and keep a particular self-image of themselves in the eyes of their peers. Products which aim to avoid anxiety-producing situations are most likely to be purchased. A perfume is a good example of an ego-defensive aimed product because it is used to rise individual’s self-esteem and position in the society. Advertising this kind of â€Å"tools† emphasises o n the social acceptance, confidence, and sexual desirability in order to build a positive attitudes and association with the particular brand. â€Å"You are unique†¦You are Magnifique! The new Feminine Fragrance. † is the slogan of â€Å"Magnifique† by â€Å"Lancome† flattering ones’ Ego. The value-expressive function is the one from which the individual expresses attitudes which correspond to his personal values and to his concept of himself which brings him satisfaction. This is a central function because it stresses the importance of self-expression, self-development, and self-realization. Consumers could form a product attitude not because of its tangible functions or characteristics, but because of what it says about their personality.â€Å"Places contain symbols of different social categories and personal meanings, and represent and maintain identity on different levels and dimensions. There is no social identity that is not also place-related and thing-related† (Grauman, 1983). The organisation of knowledge function is based upon the individual’s need of order, structure or meaning in their life. Striving for â€Å"ordering their universe† comes from the need of standards or frames when it comes to a new product or confusing situation. The consumer sorts all the messages while ignoring the less relevant information.This could result in positive attitude toward the new brand or the new characteristics of the brand. For example, more information is required when a customer is buying car or the additional policies for a mobile phone contract. In conclusion, attitudes toward brands and products are used to predict preferences among brands, buying intentions, or actual choice behaviour. Measure of brand preferences is not the same as measures of intended or actual choice. Marketers have to consider attitudes toward the act of buying or using a product rather than attitudes toward the product itself.

Portrait of an Artist MichelAngelo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portrait of an Artist MichelAngelo - Essay Example Yet, the spiritual beauty of his art defied his personality as it elevated man to a position closer to his God. Commissioned by Popes and the richest patrons of the time, for 89 years Michelangelo defied his contradictory nature as he channeled his pessimistic sadness and transformed his art into a symbol of hope and eternal optimism. The works of Michelangelo have been seen by millions of people as a work of transcendental spiritual beauty, but for Michelangelo it was simply the product of his dedication and hard work. Michelangelo had carefully laid the groundwork for his art as a studious young man and a serious artist. He studied painting as a craft, philosophy, and anatomy, which would give him a deeper understanding of the form of man and his role in the creation of the universe. However, at the age of 17 he was faced with being in the commission of Piero dei Medici, a powerful leader that the people of Florence despised. Within two years Michelangelo's dark and individualistic nature caused him to reject the Medici commission and flee to Bologna, which drove the artist further into depression. According to Ruvoldt, "Since antiquity, melancholy's link to exceptional achievement had been seen as small consolation for its considerable drawbacks, including crippling depression" (88-89). These early hardships a nd setbacks would drive Michelangelo away from social contact and propel him closer to the spiritual nature of Christianity. Michelangelo would distance himself from the craft and technicalities that his training had given him in favor of searching for the spiritual component of art. He did not wish to be seen as a craftsperson or merely a technician. These were the qualities of man and art was the providence of God. This tension would further drive Michelangelo into the isolation of depression and sadness. A statue carved when Michelangelo was 19 years old, the Bologna Angel, illustrates his frustration with the limitations of man. According to Luchs, "The hands holding the candelabrum curve smoothly around it, waxy and boneless, in a thorough renunciation of the anatomical knowledge Michelangelo had recently and arduously acquired from his dissections at Santo Spirito" (222). At this young age Michelangelo was already tormented by his search for spirituality in a world that was caged with the mortality of man. One of Michelangelo's greatest works, the Sistine Chapel, embodies the tension between sadness and elation as well as the contrast between isolation and universal unity. Michelangelo did not employ a large staff of apprentices as was often the custom of his time, and chose to complete the task by himself. Michelangelo completed the design, the drawing, and the painting in isolation at the top of the chapel. Yet, the work that Michelangelo did on the Sistine chapel is today viewed by 3 million people that make a pilgrimage to Rome to gain a greater understanding of man as a product of their God (Romaine 23). Yet, this great work of art required the torment of loneliness and the deafening silence that his isolation provided. A committee could not have created it. Michelangelo's melancholy and optimism would be played out through his pen and brush, as the work is a study in the contrast between the mortal failings of man and the perfection of spirituality. The centerpiece of the Sistine Chapel is the

Evaluation Of Personality Type Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation Of Personality Type - Assignment Example With regards to my Type A/B personality assessment, my score of 132 makes me a type A+ personality type, which makes me highly ambitious, sensitive, status-conscious, organized, impatient, proactive, anxious, and time conscious. This can be deduced from my scores that show that I am never late, very competitive, fast, tend to sit on my feelings, and have few interests away from my task. On my procrastination assessment, my score of 25 shows that I am an occasional procrastinator as some situations at one point or the other trigger procrastination. Some of the reasons for occasional procrastination include occasional emotional preoccupation that may make me lose my drive and not want to take on any more physical or mental load. However, this procrastination does not last long and disappears as soon as the triggering events dissipate. Considering my Enneagram scores, I am a type 7, which makes me spontaneous, scattered, acquisitive, and versatile. This gives me the tendency to occupy m yself with exciting options and possibilities that give me anticipation and distract me from my fears. Finally, I am an afternoon person, which means that I prefer to be out and about when other people are, and I do not function optimally during late nights or early mornings.Working with OthersWhen working in a group, my Type A+ personality type makes me want my teammates to get to the point quickly, while I would also be very concerned with time management and expect my teammates to be as high-achieving as possible.

Sampling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sampling - Assignment Example Probability techniques are based on the principle that each member of the population has an equal chance of being included into the study sample. These measures improve the likelihood that the chosen sample will be representative of all the relevant trends seen in the population. Thus, there is a greater chance that the conclusions drawn from the data would be truly applicable to the entire population (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008). For a majority of studies, probability sampling techniques help in providing more valuable data, but with some research questions, non-probability techniques are more effecting in gathering the requisite sample. Some of the probability techniques include Simple Random sampling, Systematic Random Sampling, Stratified Random Sampling, and Probability Cluster Sampling (Christensen, Johnson & Turner, 2010). On the other hand, some types of Non-Probability sampling techniques include Availability Sampling, Purposive Sampling and Non-Probability Cluster Sampling (Christensen, Johnson & Turner, 2010). Regardless of all the effort taken to draw a representative sample from the population, there is always a chance that the sample chosen is not really representative. This would mean that there is a chance that the results of the study may not be representative of the population, and extrapolating them would be erroneous. When the chosen sample is not really representative of the population, it is due to Sampling Error (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008). Typically, Probability techniques help in reducing the chance of Sampling Error by ensuring that each member of the population has the same likelihood of being chosen. Thus, when studying large and heterogeneous populations, Probability techniques are considered to be more valuable in drawing a representative sample (Christensen, Johnson & Turner, 2010). Sampling error can

CoverGirl Cosmetics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

CoverGirl Cosmetics - Research Paper Example ed by any organization would influence the financial ratios and therefore business objectives would also be reflected in the financial ratios of the organization. For instance, if an organization is expanding its business and trying to improve its profitability then the financial ratios would reflect an improvement in profit margin, operating margin as well as other ratios that are used to measure the productivity and profitability of the company. Three most important ratios for organizations are operating margin, net profit margin and total assets turnover. CoverGirl Cosmetics is the company selected for this report and as the company is a business unit of Procter and Gamble therefore financial statement of P&G’s beauty division has been used to calculate the financial ratios. In order to calculate the industry average ratios; two firms have been selected besides CoverGirl Cosmetics and these firms are Revlon and L’oreal. The following table shows the important financial figures required to calculate three

Business and Society Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business and Society - Case Study Example Clean water supply is however a significant problem, in India and globally, and has been the center of focus for such organizations as the United Nations with such goals as reducing the percentage of people who cannot access sustainable clean water supply to 50 percent by the year 2015. Threat to this sustainability is significant as initiated water projects stall amid locals’ inability to assume responsibility over the projects but clean water supply remains a health and economic necessity. Commercial players have moved in to supply clean water in India while other socially responsible companies seek non-commercial solutions. Social responsibility that incorporate profit oriented and non-profit oriented objective promises a solution and tops Byrraju’s current considerations. The foundation’s SWEET water project begun in 2004 and charges consumers little fee that is used for operations and maintenance. Many of the target customers are however not willing to pay t he price despite affordability and their concerns include taste of the project water and preference for other needs. Establishing the water project requires collaboration between the community, contributing 75 percent of construction cost after application, and Byrraju foundation contributing through loaning. The community then runs the project put pays a percentage of revenues to the foundation for the advanced loan and maintenance. The current situation however challenges feasibility of the project prompting alternative measures that Hari is considering such as raising prices, selling the project, market expansion, grant application, and

Equiano and Pontiac Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Equiano and Pontiac - Essay Example While the author seems to admit helplessness in dealing with the slavery, the impression created is the slavery of separation between slaves. In other words, even though slavery was the order of the day, Equiano’s bitterness is on the incarceration the slaves have to endure. In this regard, the aspect of the write could be seen as one that embraces slavery but fights against separation. The above conclusions have been as a result of the tone, language and the words used in the lamentations by the writer. For instance, the statement, â€Å"must every tender feeling be sacrificed to your avarice† is intended to show that even slaves had their ambitions which sadly had to be sacrificed to please the masters. Further, the writer laments that slaves are denied the chance to hobnob wherever they are. Therefore, usage of these statements and words show the aspect from which the writer is speaking. Evidently, Neolin’s criticism in regard toward slavery is the tendency by the Indians to seize the resources of other nations. With strong language and seemingly preparedness, the writer is adamant that the Indians are focused on impoverishing others by forcefully seizing resources. Additionally, the writer is very vehement in criticizing the action by the said group to dictate what kind of food the locals ought to consume. Finally, there is strong element in the purchase of weapons from the Indians by the locals. The writer creates the impression that even without the group’s help, the local people would still live normally courtesy of their religious belief in God. While both writers agree on the needlessness of slavery, the difference is in addressing their slave masters. While Equiano takes an approach that could be described as a rebuke, Pontiac seems to be prepared to fight them. Additionally, Equiano chooses to rebuke the oppressors using their own faith unlike Pontiac who uses his belief. Moreover, Pntiac goes a

The Glass Menagerie' by Tennessee Williams Essay

The Glass Menagerie' by Tennessee Williams - Essay Example Jim O'Connor, the gentleman caller, bears the same name as the young man who called on Rose Williams, before her descent into insanity. The action takes place in a small apartment in a poor district of the city, crowded outside and in, surrounded by many dark alleys and fire escapes, exploring the illusory lives of the three main characters as they attempt to achieve their dreams, only for it all to end in failure and disappointment. It has been interpreted variously as a psychological drama portraying a dysfunctional family, the tragedy of a fragile psyche (Laura) edging into madness, and a socio-political statement, "his personal testament to the Great Depression" (p.20, Hale, 1998). It is all of these as becomes apparent as the action moves from the past to the present as Tom's recollection are recalled and Character Analysis - Tom Wingfield: Tom is a poet, working in a boring low paid job in a shoe factory, the main economic support for his mother and sister. Despite his position as the main provider, an adult male, he is denied that status, simply by how his mother perceives things should be, rather than what they are, and by her demands on him to be that provider until another appears (a husband for Laura). He is complex, shy and intelligent, his creativity dismissed and ridiculed by his mother. He seeks escape through the illusions of the movies, but recognizes the reality of the times in which he seeks his dreams: Tom: "Hollywood characters are supposed to have all the adventures for everybody in America, while everybody in America sits in a darkened room and watches them have them! Yes, until there's a war. That's when adventure becomes available to the masses!....Then the people in the dark room come out of the dark room to have some adventure themselves-...." (Williams, 1936, Scene Six, p. 282) Some connection to socialist values appear when Tom paid his dues to the Union of Merchant Seamen, rather than the electric bill - thus highlighting a belief in the unions and socialism, as opposed to capitalism. His relationship with his mother is volatile, as she is the nagging presence preventing his escape and fulfillment. He loves his shy, fragile sister and the most telling example Williams's lyrical language and symbolism which elicit poignant imagery and the emotion of guilt can be found as he reflects on his escape. Tom: " I didn't go to the moon, I went much further - for time is the longest distance between two places...Perhaps I am walking along a street at night, in some strange

White People and American Citizen Essay Example for Free

White People and American Citizen Essay The short story â€Å" How it Feels to be Colored Me† was written in year 1928 by Zora Neale Hurston who grew up in Eatonville, Florida. Zora grew up in an predominantly all black town. She had begun to realize the differences between blacks and whites at the beginning of her teens. Zora only had contact with the white people who passed through her town. These people who passed through Eatonville, Florida usually were going to Orlando or coming from Orlando, Florida. I believe the main reason why the story was written was to focus on the differences between black and white people. When Zora Hurston states â€Å" I have no separate feeling about being an American citizen and colored. I am merely a fragment of the Great Soul that surges within the boundaries. My country, right or wrong. † I believe she’s describing her feelings of being an American citizen and being colored. She does not have separate feelings of either. Zora seems to accept her identity for being colored and an American citizen. I think Zora is trying to achieve dignity/pride in America as an American. Zora doesn’t want to harp on the past Nor does she want the actions of others to affect her. Zora believes that she is an American citizen whether she’s black or white and everyone has the same rights. How It Feels to Be Colored Me Analysis by Terissa7. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 June 2014. . â€Å"How it Feels to Be Colored† The short story â€Å" How it Feels to be Colored Me† was written in year 1928 by Zora Neale Hurston who grew up in Eatonville, Florida. Zora grew up in an predominantly all black town. She had begun to realize the differences between blacks and whites at the beginning of her teens. Zora only had contact with the white people who passed through her town. These people who passed through Eatonville, Florida usually were going to Orlando or coming from Orlando, Florida. I believe the main reason why the story was written was to focus on the differences between black and white people. When Zora Hurston states â€Å" I have no separate feeling about being an American citizen and colored. I am merely a fragment of the Great Soul that surges within the boundaries. My country, right or wrong. † I believe she’s describing her feelings of being an American citizen and being colored. She does not have separate feelings of either. Zora seems to accept her identity for being colored and an American citizen. I think Zora is trying to achieve dignity/pride in America as an American. Zora doesn’t want to harp on the past Nor does she want the actions of others to affect her. Zora believes that she is an American citizen whether she’s black or white and everyone has the same rights. How It Feels to Be Colored Me Analysis by Terissa7.

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The aim of this project is to design Essay

Self Reflection: Time Monitoring Worksheet

Self Reflection: Time Monitoring Worksheet Time Monitoring Worksheet Part 1: Monitor your time in hourly increments. Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday 5 a.m. Work work Work Work 6 a.m. Work Work work 7 a.m. work Work work 8 a.m. work work work 9 a.m. work work work 10 a.m. work Volunteer/supervision work 11 a.m. 11:00 to 11: 30 lunch Volunteer at a counseling service 11:00-11-30 lunch 12 p.m. work Lunch/rest work 1 p.m. Work until 1:30 Rest/reading work 2 p.m. Volunteer at a counseling service Counseling/group work 1:30 3 p.m. Volunteer at a counseling service Counseling group work rest 4 p.m. Rest/ nap Rest/nap homework 5 p.m. Rest/ nap/reading rest Home work 6 p.m. Rest/nap/shower/supper Homework/supper Homework 7 p.m. Praise team practice Home work homework 8 p.m. Practice over at 8:15 homework Shower/eat/sleep 9 p.m. sleep sleep sleep 10 p.m. sleep sleep sleep Time Monitoring Worksheet Part 2: Reflection On day four, review your completed Time Monitoring Worksheet in order to take a serious look at how you use your time each day. Write a 250 500 word reflection on how you manage your time. Include the following in your reflection: What are some things you can do more efficiently? What are the main items/tasks that take up most of your time? Do you see areas in your daily routine where you can make adjustments to become more productive? Do you have any black holes that unnecessarily suck up a lot of your time? Essay I know there is a lot of thing I am involved in. Most of my time is spent not with friends, texting, talking on the phone, or on face book. In fact, lately I have scheduled time to visit my sons and grandchildren. The log sheet helped as a visual aide. Ross, S., Nibbling, B., Heckert, T. (1999) Major source of stress among students are interpersonal, intrapersonal, academic and environmental to the list in their research. They reported the top sources were changes in sleep habits, vacation, breaks, and increased work load. This research was conducted more than seventeen years ago. It is relevant today. I have little time to get things done but to see it written. What take up most of my time is volunteering at a non-profit called HUGS. There is a struggle to give up volunteering at a non-profit because I love the work. I do realize I need to cut back on the hours. The log sheet does not reflect the group work due to the holidays. I feel pressured and conflicted to give up part of vol unteering. I love working with client who have co-occurring and substance abuse disorders. I love group facilitation. Realistically, it is time to let go part of the counseling commitments at this site. Earning a masters degree must take priority. There was a research conducted by Macan, T., Shahani, C., Diaphoye, R., Phillips; A. (1999) Their findings were students who perceived had control of their time reported significantly greater work and life ratification. They reported less role ambiguity, less role overload and fewer job induced and somatic tensions. Some of my stress is due to role ambiguity. So, I have worked out a schedule. Monday, I will provide a revised schedule for the program director at this site. I have evaluated what is best practice for myself and clients. I will keep two clients, scheduled on the same day, anger management rotate with another facilitator, RUNNING HEADING: Time Monitoring Essay 2 and continue weekly supervision. This schedule will provide criteria needed to continue certification as a certified clinical supervisor. I have been wrestling with my decisions for over a week. This exercise helped to put into perceptive where the adjustments must be made. The volunteering is a positive black hole. While attending GCU, volunteering more than 10 hours becomes a black hole. The services I provide at the center is rewarding and career enhancing. I need time to be a good student. I cannot become a successful student without preparing and completing assignment. References Macan, T., Shahani, C., Diaphoye, R., Phillips. A., (1999). College students time management: Correlations and academic performance and stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(4), 760-768 Ross, S., Nibbling, B., Heckert, T. (1990). Source for stress among college students. College Student Journal 33(2)6 chart 1

Requirement English Composition :: essays research papers

Few Americans can understand the elaborate and superlative language of the Constitution or Declaration of Independence. This results from a lack in English education in all academic tiers. Dropping English composition from the requirements for Associate degrees would further decimate the form and lexicon of our verbal and written language by removing a critical exposure to language development. An erosion of complexity in language would result, affecting every level of existence. A diluted language would destroy critical thinking and remove the tools that allow people to intellectually express themselves. Thus, society would take another step towards approximating ignoramuses. We can hardly suffer anymore erosion of our language before it becomes entirely consumed by four letter words and contractions. Composition is a cure to this disease. When a student witnesses the impotence of their writing they can perceive the need to improve their writing abilities. It forces students to purify their thoughts and therefore use more elaborate yet succinct words. Without a medium to see their weakness there is no incentive to change and empowerment does not occur. The process of putting words to paper gives students a concrete example of their thoughts. They are allowed to analyze their views with an outside perspective. This facilitates a critical thinking state of mind in which the student can better develop their thoughts. Critical thinking enables students to move away from colloquialisms and clichà ©s as they struggle to improve and clarify their writing. Thus, critical thinking necessitates advancement in the ability to express complex ideas. This reinforces the demand for the student to develop a manifold and potent vocabulary. It will be a tragic day when Americans cannot understand the

Italy in World War II Essay -- Essays Papers

Italy in World War II World War II, which only lasted about five years, changed the course of history forever, and affected millions of lives. Among the major nations that were involved in the war, Benito Mussolini and his Italian army sought to settle their differences with many nations. Benito’s fascist views, his idea of a nation built by one race, and his relationship with Adolf Hitler ultimately led to his involvement in the war. His responsibility, in essence, was to ally himself with the superpowers of the world, and lead his people into a war that they could not fight. "Il Duce", (the leader), was the name that Benito Mussolini gave himself as his rise to power in Italy continued. He led the people of Italy with the mind set and many of the same ideas that Hitler used in Germany. "†¦ a tendency had been developing in Italy in favor of closer relations with Germany, both politically and economically." (1) Mussolini, along with Hitler, pushed towards a nation that was free of Jews, and would consist solely of the "perfect man". Mussolini’s goal was to create an ultimate Italian empire, in alliance with Hitler’s Germany. (2) "The manner in which Mussolini and the Fascist Party gained possession of the government was regarded in most foreign circles as an illegal act of violence." (3) As the nation of Italy began to suffer great debts, Mussolini had been summoned by the King to form a government to aid in the economic needs. This marked the birth of the Fascist Party in Italy. In the beginning of his rise to the top, Mussolini was popular amongst his people. His popularity was high, and people began to trust in his judgment and ideas. (4) He was, in essence, saving the people from the turmoil that had ensued the nat... ...hat they controlled, but affected the history of the world from then on. End Notes 1. Villari, Luigi. Italian Foreign Policy Under Mussolini. New York: The Devin-Adair Company, 1956 2. "Benito Mussolini in Pictures". 3 March 2000. Factual information on Mussolini. http://www.gvn.net/~lowe/mussolini/1.htm 3. See Villari 4. "World War II" (1939-1945) http://infoplease.lycos.com/ipa/A0001288.html 2000 Lycos, Inc. (March 2, 2000) 5. See Villari 6. Deakin, F.W. The Brutal Friendship. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1962. 7. See Deakin 8. See Villari 9. Smith, Denis Mack. "Benito Mussolini" http://gi.grolier.com/wwii.wwii_mussolini.html Grolier Online Publishing (March 3, 2000) 10. See Villari 11. See Villari

Excessive Enforcement: A Call for a Tranformational Approach to the Caribbean Criminal Justice System :: Argumentative Persuasive Carribean Essays

A Call for a Tranformational Approach to the Caribbean Criminal Justice System On June 25, 2001 Anton Cooper, a twenty-seven year old man in police custody at Golden Grove Prison in Arocca, Trinidad, was found naked and dead in his cell less than twenty four hours after his arrival for allegedly beating a cousin during an argument. Several prisoners reported witnessing numerous assaults on Cooper by prison guards, and Amnesty International called for a thorough, independent investigation that complies with international standards, including access by relatives to autopsy proceedings that concluded that Cooper died from asphyxia associated with multiple blunt traumatic injuries. Amnesty International has repeatedly expressed condemnation of the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers, and have stated that prison conditions in Trinidad continued to violate the UN standards for minimum treatment of prisoners, as well as amounted to cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment. This particular incident raises to the international community not only questions of the level of corruption in Trinidad’s penal system, but how this reflects the enforcement of human rights protection in the English speaking Caribbean. In order to understand the role the justice system plays in advancing (or inhibiting) the Caribbean socially, economically, and politically, it is necessary to reflect on the historical uses and abuses of the penal system and how it functions alongside international criminal law. When analyzing the level of development nations of the English speaking Caribbean, specifically Trinidad & Tobago and Jamaica, have made in regards to human rights and law enforcement, certain factors need to be considered including their history of human rights protection; the role incarceration, flogging, and the death penalty play in limiting them as people of the past; the lack of community involvement in judicial affairs; their relations with international non-governmental organizations; and the feasibility of possible alternatives to impr isonment and the death penalty. Although this past March the East Caribbean Court of Appeal, referred to by the Judiciary Committee of the Privy Council, ruled that mandatory death penalty is in violation of the constitutions of St. Vincent and Grenadines, St. Lucia, Grenada, St. Kitts, Dominica, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda by stating that, â€Å"to deny the offender the opportunity, before sentence is passed, to seek to persuade the court that in all the circumstances to condemn him to death would be disproportionate and inappropriate